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Six Steps or Material Elements
in the Formation of Ethical Judgments

建立倫理判斷的六步或六個實質元素

 

陶特著(H.E. Tödt孔祥烱譯

 

 

Definition of the Problem

[1] 問題的訂立

A clarification of what it is that requires a moral decision is the first task. Here reflection must center on how the one making the judgment is affected by the “matter” at issue, how he or she is involved in it, on the sources of the problem, what needs and interests it touches, and to what extent problems are at stake that require more than merely “technical” solutions inasmuch as they challenge his or her own ethical judgment.

道德抉擇首要任務是澄清面對問題必須思考的是判斷者會怎樣受這事情所影響他與這事情有何關這個問題的來源什麼它觸及什麼需和利益這個問題是否需求多於技術性的解決,甚至他的道德判斷挑戰

Analysis of the Situation

[2] 處境的分析

This involves an investigation of the “real context” in which the problem arises (for instance, the social and political framework, the relationships to personal or group life and action), in order to determine how the definition and solution of the respective problem is conditioned by this context. Problems arise for human beings out of their complex world and within it; “the situation” comes into being through the delimitation within a complex environment of “my” situation, or “our” situation, on the part of the individual or several or even many interacting subjects. Even so-called “inward” problems arise within an inward environment that is in many ways intertwined with outward environments. The result of this analysis is a situational schema.

這一步調查問題的實際情況,(例如,社會和政治架構,人或群體的生活和行動關係),目的是確定這些情況如何限制對這問題的定義和解決方案倫理問題常常出人類複雜的世界的裏外,這情況」出現於複雜的環境中,被界定為的情況我們的情況涉及個人或幾個人甚至許多相互影響的很多人。有時,在內部環境出現內部問題,也在許多方面與外面環境纏繞在一起這樣分析的結果就成為處境綱要

Behavioral Options

[3] 行動的選擇

The usual reaction to a problem or problematic situation is always: What is to be done? As behavioral options and their foreseeable consequences are considered, the question arises (with the conscience exercising a control function here, by raising the question of the identity or integrity of the subject or subjects), whether a behavioral stance would be a “good” or “right” one. Here norms come into play.

對問題或有問題的情況通常的反應是:要怎樣做呢?當考慮行動選擇和可預期的後果時,疑問是(在這裏,良知行使了控制功能當事人身份或誠信)行動立場是否的。這裏涉及規範的應用

Testing the Norms

[4] 規範的考查

We must survey and choose among the ethically relevant criteria of decision. The human life-world (Lebenswelt) is intertwined with a multiplicity of norms, many of which have assumed a relative life of their own. In the course of making a judgment, the norms that are utilized are to be understood in terms of their objective function: a norm is whatever links a situation or situational schema to an act or mode of behavior by a judgment. Moral are those norms which intend to let this linkage take place in a morally defensible manner; that is, which maintain the integrity of the subject.

我們必須列舉和選擇跟抉擇適當倫理標準人類生活的世界中有極多規範交織其中許多規範有不同的指向。在判斷過程中需要理解使用的規範的客觀作用,就是一個規範需要將面對的情況和處境,連繫於判斷帶來的行動或行為若規範的連道德上合理的,就是合道德的,它就維持了當事人的誠

The Judgment as Decision

[5] 判斷成為抉擇

The judgment is a synthetic act made with a view to the problem presented, on the basis of the cognition of the facts of the situation, the possible behavioral options, and the applicable norms. It implies an active self-determination: “I make up my mind (“Ich entscheide mich ...”) to do such and such.”

判斷是一種綜合性行動,考慮解決問題基於對事實的認知,列舉可能行為的選擇,以及適用的規範一種積極性自決:我已作了決定這樣、這樣做

Retrospective Adequacy Control

[6] 回顧過程之足夠性

Judgmental decisions are often made in a tentative and preliminary manner. Ethical decisions, in particular, are often reconsidered, sometimes again and again. It might be considered, for instance, whether the decision really meets the problem as defined, whether it constitutes a “solution,” whether the steps are strictly linked to one another and to the whole course of the decision-making process, whether new factors now present themselves which had not been considered previously, etc.

判斷性抉擇往往是暫時性的和初步的。特別是倫理抉擇往往需要經過重新考慮有時更要多次考慮例如,需考慮抉擇是否真正解決被定義的問題?也就是抉擇是否構成一個解決方案決定步驟是否嚴格地彼此相連,也相連於整個抉擇過程?有沒有出現以前沒有考慮過新的因素等等

 

 

 

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SOURCE: H.E. Tödt, tr. Walter Bense (1994), “Towards a theory of making ethical judgments,” in Readings in Christian ethics, ed. David K. Clark and Robert V. Rakestraw (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker), volume 1, 292-293.

文章題目邁向倫理判斷的理論

 

 

Definition of the Problem.. 1

[1] 問題的訂立... 1

Analysis of the Situation. 1

[2] 處境的分析... 1

Behavioral Options. 2

[3] 行動的選擇... 2

Testing the Norms. 2

[4] 規範的考查... 2

The Judgment as Decision. 3

[5] 判斷成為抉擇... 3

Retrospective Adequacy Control 3

[6] 回顧過程之足夠性... 3