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Glossary
辭彙表
Collected, modified and translated by Dr. Kwing
Hung
孔祥烱收集、修改、及翻譯
|
Absolute or
universal: Moral norm that allows no exceptions (although some say an
absolute is binding unless it is overridden by a higher duty in a particular
situation); sometimes absolute means a moral norm that applies to the conduct
of all human beings. |
絕對、全稱：不容許有例外的道德規範（不過有人認為，雖然一個「絕對」有約束力，但是在特定情況下被一個更高的責任所超越）；有時「絕對」的意思是指適用於全人類的道德規範。 |
|
Absolutism: The
belief that there is one and only one truth; those who espouse absolutism
usually also believe that they know what this absolute truth is [contrast with relativism]. |
絕對主義：相信單單只有一個真理，贊同絕對主義的人通常也認為他們知道這絕對真理是什麼。〔比對相對主義〕 |
|
Academic honesty
and integrity: Behaviour such as cheating on examinations and lab reports, or
plagiarism of course papers and homework assignments are the most often cited
violations of academic integrity or academic honesty. Other matters of
academic integrity include honesty in writing letters of recommendation and
in reporting institutional statistics. |
學術性誠信：最經常提到的違反學術道德和誠信的是在考試和實驗報告中作弊、課程論文和作業中抄襲。其他與學術誠信有關的事項包括推薦信的寫作和機構統計數字的報告。 |
|
Act utilitarianism: The belief that each ethical act
should be judged by its results [contrast
with rule-utilitarianism]. |
行動功利主義：一個倫理學理論，相信每一個道德行動應以其結果來判斷。〔比對規則功利主義〕 |
|
Act-orientation:
Approach to ethics that emphasizes the uniqueness of particular ethical
decisions [contrast with
rule-orientation]. |
行動取向：一個倫理學取向，強調個別倫理抉擇的獨特性〔比對規則取向〕 |
|
Active euthanasia: The act of directly taking the life of a patient. This could be performed by the suffering person (i.e., suicide—with or without a physician’s assistance) or administered by a physician or friend who causes death for merciful reasons; also called positive euthanasia [contrast with passive euthanasia]. |
主動式安樂死：直接取去病人生命的行動。這可能受苦的人自己執行（有醫生或沒有醫生協助的自殺），也可能是醫生或朋友以憐憫為理由執行；也稱為積極安樂死。［對比被動式安樂死］ |
|
Activism: (1) Active involvement in changing the laws and viewpoints of the society, such as through social action; (2) The belief that war is always right if engaged in by one’s government. |
積極行動：（1）積極參與改變社會的法律和觀點，例如通過社會行動；（2）相信所有自己的政府參與的戰爭都是正確的。 |
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Actuality principle: A kind of functionalism affirming that a human organism has a right to life if and only if it has actually developed a minimal ability to express self-conscious and personal life [contrast with potentiality principle]. |
實際性原則：一種機能主義，認為一個人必須在實際上達到最小的能力去表達自我意識（自覺）和個人生活，才能有生命權。［對比潛力性原則
］ |
|
Adultery: Voluntary sexual intercourse between a married person and someone other than his or her marriage partner; may also include voluntary thoughts of such activities. |
姦淫：已婚者與其他人（不是自己婚姻配偶）的自願性性交；也可能包括這些活動的自願性思想。 |
|
Affirmative action: Policies designed to promote employment among different races by aggressively recruiting, training, and promoting qualified minority persons. |
肯定性行動：就業的政策，旨在促進不同種族的就業，利用積極招募、培訓、和提升合格的少數種族者。 |
|
Agapic love: Unselfish love (agape); love with no demand for return. Contrasted with philic love, which is a mutual friendship love (philia); and erotic love, which is a selfish, sensual type of love (eros). |
無私的愛、友愛、情欲愛：無私的愛是沒有要求回報的愛。友愛是相互友誼的愛。情欲愛是自私的和感性的愛。 |
|
Altruism: A
selfless concern for other people purely for their own sake [contrast with selfishness or egoism].
|
利他主義：一個對他人無私的關心，絕無牽涉利益關係。〔比對自私或利己主義〕 |
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Amniocentesis: A
test for a fetus’s genetic health; involves examining the genetic structure
of cells found in amniotic fluid drawn by needle from the amniotic sac. |
肚膜穿刺手術：一個胎兒的基因健康的測試；涉及以針從羊膜囊抽出羊水，用來對細胞的遺傳結構作研究。 |
|
Anarchy: A state of lawlessness where there
is no government. |
無政府狀態：一個無法律和無政府的狀態。 |
|
Annulment: An
official cancellation of a marriage; a declaration that the attempted
marriage never really came into being; in contrast to a divorce, which
acknowledges the legitimacy of the marriage which it ends. |
取消、作廢：合法地取消婚姻；它是一個聲明，表示試圖的結婚從來沒有發生；相反地，離婚是終結一個被承認的合法婚姻。 |
|
Antinomianism:
Ethical viewpoint that there are no ethical norms or rules; literally,
“against law.” |
無規範主義：一個倫理觀，認為沒有道德規範或規則，英文字面意思是「反對法律」。 |
|
Applied
research: The investigation of some phenomena to discover whether its
properties are appropriate to a particular need or want [contrast with basic research]. |
實用研究：對一些現象的調查，目的是發現其性質是否適合於特定需要或需求。［對比基本研究］ |
|
Artificial
insemination (AI): Injection of sperm cells either into a woman’s vagina or
uterus, with the hope that one will fertilize the woman’s ovum (egg) and lead
to pregnancy. The sperm may be from the woman’s husband (AIH) or from a donor
(AID). Quite often in AID, the donor is unknown to the prospective mother;
the sperm is obtained from a sperm bank. |
人工授精：將精子細胞注射入一個女人的陰道或子宮，希望女子的卵子能受精成孕。精子可以出於女人的丈夫或從一個捐助者。很多時，捐助者是準媽媽不認識的人，其精子的來源是精子銀行。 |
|
Autonomy:
The right to choose one’s own actions or course of life so long as doing so
does not interfere unduly with the lives and actions of others. |
自決、自由意志：有權選擇自己的行動或生命方向，只要不會無理干涉他人的生命和行動。 |
|
Axiology: The study of values, whether in
ethics, aesthetics, or religion. |
價值論：對價值的研究，可以出現在倫理學、美學或宗教。 |
|
Basic
research: The investigation of the natural phenomena without reference to
particular human needs and wants [contrast
with applied research]. |
基本研究：對一些自然現象的調查，但並沒有提及人類具體的需要和需求。［對比應用研究］ |
|
Beneficence:
(1) The duty to do good, not harm to others; (2) Principle asserting that doctors are obligated to do good
for their patients. |
善行：（1）做好事的責任，不傷害他人；（2）一個原則，主張醫生有義務為病人做好事。 |
|
Bestiality: Sexual intercourse with animals. |
獸交：與動物性交 |
|
Best-interest judgment: Judgment made on
behalf of an irrational or comatose patient to preserve the person’s life but
not to allow other procedures the patient has not preauthorized [contrast with substituted judgment]. |
最佳利益判斷：代表一個無理性或昏迷的病人作決定，保護他的生命，但不准許其他未經病人在以前核准的醫療程序［對比代替判斷］ |
|
Biblical
feminism: Feminism of those who combine evangelical commitments with their
defense of egalitarianism. |
聖經婦女主義：一種女權主義，結合福音派的承諾與支持平等主義。 |
|
Bioethics:
The study of ethics that result from technological scientific advances in the
areas of biology and medicine. |
生物倫理學：基於生物學和醫學中科學技術的進步而產生的倫理學。 |
|
Biotechnology:
Any technique that uses living organisms (or parts of organisms) to make or
modify products, to improve plants and animals, or to develop microorganisms
for specific use. Biotechnology focuses on the practical applications of
science (as opposed to doing “science for science sake”). Historically,
biotechnology has had an impact in three main areas: health,
food/agriculture, and environmental protection—solving problems such as to
cure or prevent illness, to clean water, and to preserve food. |
生物學科技：任何使用生物體（或生物體的一部份）的科學技術，用以製作或改變產品、改良植物和動物、研製微生物作特定用途。生物學科技注重科學的實際應用（而不是「為科學而做科學工作」）。在歷史上，生物技術已經對三個主要領域產生了影響：保健、食品或農業、環境保護。生物學科技解決各種問題，如治療或預防疾病、潔淨水源、保存食物。 |
|
Brain death:
Total cessation of brain activity both in the neocortical brain (upper brain)
and in the brain stem. |
腦死亡：大腦活動完全停止，包括大腦新皮層（上腦）和大腦幹。 |
|
Capital
punishment: Legal execution by the government of a person convicted of a
serious crime. |
死刑：政府合法執行殺死一個犯有嚴重罪行的人。 |
|
Capitalism:
Economic system that connects with political democracy to form a social system
that emphasizes individual freedom, limited government, and free enterprise. |
資本主義：經濟系統與民主政治系統的連接，形成一個強調個人自由、有限政府、自由企業的社會制度。 |
|
Cardinal virtues:
Prudence, courage, temperance, justice. See also theological virtues, virtue,
virtues. |
傳統基本德行：謹慎、勇敢、節制、正義。參考神學上的德行、德行、美德。 |
|
Carrying
capacity: The number of organisms an ecosystem can support without degrading.
|
最高承載力：一個生態系統可以支持（而不會使環境衰退）的生物數量。 |
|
Categorical
imperative: An unconditional command. For Immanuel Kant, all of morality
depended on a single categorical imperative. One version of that imperative
was, “Always act in such a way that the maxim of your action can be willed as
a universal law.” |
絕對性命令：沒有條件的命令。對於康德，所有道德依賴於一個單一的絕對性命令。這個命令的一種說法是：「經常以一種方式去行動，就是以你的行動就是一個普遍規律。」 |
|
Celibacy: State
of being unmarried and sexually abstinent, sometimes
understood as a gift from God. |
獨身：未婚和性禁慾的狀態，有時被認為是一種恩賜。 |
|
Character: The
combination of natural and acquired features and traits that constitute a
person’s nature or fundamental disposition, from which specific moral responses
issue. |
品格：先天和後天特點和特性的組合，構成一個人的本性或基本氣質，它影響對道德問題的具體回應。 |
|
Chastity: Sexual
purity and responsibility in actions and thoughts, either within or outside
of marriage. |
貞潔、純潔：在性行動和思想上有純潔和責任感，無論在婚姻外或婚姻內。 |
|
Citizenship view
of ecology: Theory of environmentalism stressing that humans are part of the
biosphere just like all other species. |
生態學上之公民觀：一種環境主義的理論，強調人類是生物圈的一部份，就像其他所有物種一樣。 |
|
Civil
disobedience: Nonviolent, public violation of some law or policy, as an act
of conscience, to protest the injustice of the law or policy, and to effect or prevent
change in the law or policy. |
公民反抗：公開以非暴力地違反法律或政策，作為一種基於良知的行動，抗議不公正的法律或政策，並積極導致或消極阻止法律或政策的改變。 |
|
Cloning: Making carbon-copy organisms by
gene reduplication. |
複製：以基因重疊技術製造相同的生物。 |
|
Communism:
Economic system that emphasizes collective or state ownership of property in
which central planners (not market forces) make economic decisions so that
all citizens share wealth equally. |
共產主義：一種經濟體制，強調集體或國有的財產，其中中央計劃者（而不是市場力量）作出經濟決策，讓所有公民平等地分享財富。 |
|
Compatibilism:
The belief that both determinism and freedom of the will are true. |
協調主義、相容主義：一種信念，認為決定論和自由意志兩個理論同時是真實的。 |
|
Conflict of
duties: Another term for a moral dilemma. |
責任之衝突：道德困境的另一個名稱。 |
|
Conflict of
interest: A person has a conflict of interest when the person is in a
position of trust which requires her to exercise judgment on behalf of others
(people, institutions, etc.) and also has interests or obligations of the
sort that might interfere with the exercise of her judgment, and which the
person is morally required to either avoid or openly acknowledge. |
利害衝突：一個人有利益衝突的意思，就是在一方面，該人在一個被信任的崗位，這崗位規定他去代表其他人（人或機構）作出判斷；另一方面，他有某種利益或義務，會干擾他的判斷；而該人在道義上必須避免這情形，或必須公開承認有衝突。 |
|
Conflict of
norms: When two or more conflicting norms are in effect in a certain ethical
decision, at least one of the norms will be broken in any decision. The
common ways to solve the conflict include: Antinomianism, Generalism,
Situationism, Graded absolutism, Conflicting absolutism, Non-conflicting
absolutism (or unqualified absolutism). |
規範之衝突：當兩個或多個互相衝突的規範出現在某一個倫理抉擇，而任何決定都會違法最少一個規範的情形。常見解決衝突的方法有六個：無規範主義、廣泛主義、處境主義、等級絕對主義、有衝突絕對主義、無衝突絕對主義（或稱無條件絕對主義）。 |
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Conjugal rights: The rights to engage in sexual
intercourse within marriage. |
婚姻權：在婚姻中參與性交的權利。 |
|
Conscientious
objection: Refusal to submit to some governmental requirement, such as
mandated military service, out of personal, moral, or religious beliefs, as a
means of bearing witness to the perceived wrong in the law or policy. |
憑良心的反對：拒絕服從一些政府的規定（例如指令服兵役），理由是個人的、道德的或宗教信仰的，這行動的目標是見證法律或政策的錯誤。 |
|
Consequentialism: Another term for
“utilitarianism”, where right or wrong actions are determined by their
consequences (result-centered ethic) [contrast
with deontological ethics]. |
後果主義：功利主義的通稱，正確或錯誤的行動由他們的後果來決定，就是結果為主的倫理。［比對義務論倫理學］ |
|
Consequentialist
ethics: Another name for teleological ethics. |
後果倫理學：目的論倫理學的通稱。 |
|
Constitutional
homosexuals: A person whose sexual attraction to those of the same gender is
so deeply rooted that it is part of his or her essential being. A
constitutional homosexual is not necessarily a practicing homosexual. |
固有的同性戀者：一個人對同性者的性吸引極深強，以致成為他或她生命主要的一部份。固有的同性戀者不一定參與同性戀活動。 |
|
Contextualism:
Act-oriented view of ethics that stresses the role of unique contexts or
situations in determining ethical decision; sometimes equated with
situationism. However, not all contextualists agree with situation ethics
specifically because of its antinomian tendencies. |
場合主義：一個以行為導向的倫理觀點，強調獨特的背景情況來確定道德抉擇；有時等同於處境主義。不過，並非所有場合主義者贊成處境倫理，特別因為後者有無規範主義的傾向。 |
|
Counter-example:
An example which undermines or refutes the principle or theory against which
it is advanced. |
反例：一個例子，它可以用來削弱或駁斥一個提出來的原則或理論。 |
|
Creation ethic:
Theological approach to justifying ethics that stresses the similarities
between Christian thought and the generic modes of thinking that God created
in all persons [contrast with
kingdom ethic]. |
創造倫理：一個辯護倫理主張的神學方法，強調基督教思想與一般人的思維模式的相似性，因為神創造所有人。［對比國度倫理］ |
|
Crusade: A war
waged to remedy past or ongoing atrocities, especially one for religious
reasons. |
聖戰、討伐：發動一場戰爭來糾正過去或正在進行的暴行，尤其是出於宗教原因。 |
|
Cryonics: Popularly known as deep-freeze
death, the process of freezing the dead with the hope of later reviving them. |
人體冷凍：俗稱深凍死亡，就是將死者凍結，希望日後可以使他們再活。 |
|
De jure government: The alleged legal or rightful
government as opposed to an actual or existing government, known as de facto government. |
合名義之政府：被承認的合法政府，對比一個實際的或當權的政府，後者被稱為合事實的政府。 |
|
Death:
Theologically, the separation of the spirit from the body; traditionally, the irreversible
cessation of circulatory and respiratory functions; according to law, the
irreversible cessation of the whole brain (brain death). |
死亡：在神學上，指靈魂和身體的分離；在傳統上，指循環和呼吸功能不可逆轉的停止；在法律上，指整個大腦不可逆轉的停止（腦死亡）。 |
|
Deductive
argument: An argument whose conclusion follows necessarily from its premises
[contrast with inductive
arguments]. |
演繹法論據：論據的結論必須由其前提而來。［對比歸納法論據］ |
|
Deep ecology: A
deeply spiritual approach to ecology based on nature mysticism or pantheism. |
玄祕生態學：一個深深以靈界為基礎的生態學，基於自然神秘主義和泛神論。 |
|
Deontological
ethics: (1) Duty-centered ethics, stressing obedience to rules, not by
looking to results only; (2) an ethic that sees ethical principles as matters
of duty [contrast with
teleological ethics]. |
義務論倫理學：（1）以義務為中心的倫理觀，強調服從義務，而不是依賴結果。（2）一種倫理觀點，認為倫理原則是一種責任。［對比目的論倫理學］ |
|
Deontology:
A position in ethics which claims that the rightness or wrongness of actions
depends on whether they correspond to our duty or not. |
義務論：一個道德立場，主張行為的正誤取決於它們是否符合責任。 |
|
Descriptive
ethics: The first level of ethical analysis; a statement of what people
actually believe and practice that makes no claim about ethical
normativeness; describing how people DO behave, rather than how they SHOULD
behave [contrast with prescriptive
ethics]. |
敘述性倫理學：倫理分析的第一個層次；敘述人類的信仰和實踐，並沒有主張倫理規範性；描述人們如何行動，而不是他們應該做的行動。［對比指令倫理］ |
|
Descriptive
relativism: Belief
emphasizing the fact that
different people and cultures have different moral values and practices. |
敘述性相對主義：強調不同的人和不同的文化有不同的道德價值觀和做法。 |
|
Deterrence: (1)
In the area of capital punishment, the idea that enforcement of the death
penalty in a society will prevent would-be criminals from committing crimes
they might otherwise have committed; (2) In the area of war, the idea that
relies on the possession and threatened use of weapons—especially nuclear—to
discourage or prevent attack. |
阻嚇、制止：（1）在死刑問題上，這觀念認為在一個社會中執行死刑可以制止想犯法的人實行他們計劃的罪行；（2）在戰爭問題上，這觀念是倚賴擁有武器和威脅使用它（特別是核子武器），用來阻止或防止敵人攻擊。 |
|
Dilemma: A
forced choice between courses of action (usually two) which are equally
unacceptable. Sometimes people will call any challenging “moral problem” a
dilemma, but this is a misleading use of the term. |
困境：被強迫之行動，要在不同的行動（通常兩個）中選擇一個，而都是同樣不能接受的行動。有些人稱任何挑戰性的「道德問題」為困境，這是錯誤的使用這名詞。 |
|
Discrimination:
When based on race, treating someone differently because of his racial
identity, not because of his merit. It usually connotes treating a person
badly just because she is a minority, but could include giving a white person
an advantage because of his colour. See also reverse discrimination. |
歧視：在種族問題上，不一致的對待別人，基於他的種族身份而不是他的優劣。通常是惡劣地對待一個人，因為她是少數族類，但可能包括因膚色而給一名白人較良好的對待。參考逆向歧視。 |
|
Distributive
justice: The fair allocation of societal goods and benefits (such as natural
resources) and societal burdens (such as taxation) among individuals and
social groups. |
分配性公義：對個人和社會群體作公平分配社會物資和利益（如自然資源）和社會負擔（如稅收）。 |
|
Divine command
theory: Any position in ethics which claims that the rightness or wrongness
of actions depends on whether they correspond to God’s commands or not; the
same as voluntarism. |
神性命令倫理：一個倫理學觀點，主張行動的正誤基於它們是否符合神的命令；與意願觀相同。 |
|
Divorce: A legal
dissolution of a duly consummated marriage. |
離婚：合法地解散一個正當地完成的婚姻。 |
|
Divorce
(sacramental view): Catholic view that considers marriage a sacred covenant
before God that is unbreakable except by death; in this view, annulment is
possible under certain circumstances, but divorce never is. |
離婚（聖禮觀）：天主教認為，婚姻是在神面前的神聖盟約，除了死以外是不可打破的；在這觀點下，離婚絕不准許，只可能在某些情況下被廢除。 |
|
Dominion view of
ecology: Christian theory of environmentalism emphasizing the right of humans
to use creation for their own needs; destruction of nature is prevented by
individuals who own property rights over nature. |
生態學上之統治觀：一個基督教環境主義的理論，強調人類有權利為自己的需求利用世界；制止環境破壞由擁有自然財產權的人負責。 |
|
Double effect
principle: Principle that asserts: if an inherently good act has two effects,
one good and one bad, a person can act morally in doing that act provided (1)
only the good effect is intended, (2) the bad effect is not the means to the
good effect, and (3) the good effect is at least equal to the bad effect. |
雙重效果原則：一個原則，認為如果一個內在的良好行動有兩個作用，一個好一個壞，那麼，若一個人實行這行動有下列特點，就可以是合道德的：（1）行動的目的單單是良好的果效，（2）不良的果效不是達到良好果效的手段，（3）良好果效最少和不良的果效相等。 |
|
Durable power of
attorney: Legal means by which a patient designates another to make decisions
on his behalf should the patient become physically or mentally unable to do
so. See substituted judgment. |
持久的律師代決權：一種法律程序，由病人指定另一個人代他作決定，就是當病人身體上或精神上無法作決定的時候。見代替判斷。 |
|
Duty: the
special responsibility associated with a particular profession or occupation
or societal role. Physicians, journalists, students, or parents all have
special duties. This is also a key term in Kantian ethics: We have a duty to
abide by the moral law built into our minds. Compromises and little white
lies are not permissible. |
責任：一個人在特定行業或職業或社會角色中的特殊責任。醫生、新聞工作者、學生或父母都有特殊的職責。這也是康德倫理學中一個重要詞語：我們有責任遵守已放在我們的心裏的道德律。妥協和善意的謊言是不允許的。 |
|
Egalitarianism:
View that in home, church, and society, qualified men and women equally may
exercise leadership; does not imply that women and men are identical in
personal qualities, interests, skills, or gifts. |
平等主義：一個觀點，認為在家庭、教會、社會中，合格的男人和女人可以同樣作領導；但不表示女人和男人的個人質素、興趣、技能或恩賜是相同的。 |
|
Embryo transfer
(ET): Transfer of an embryo conceived in one womb to the womb of another
woman. |
胚胎移植：將孕育於一個子宮的胚胎轉移到另一個女人的子宮中。 |
|
Embryo: Early
stage in a human’s development after the zygote stage and before it takes its
distinctive form; roughly the first seven weeks of gestation. |
胚胎：人類發育的早期階段，在受精卵階段之後，在擁有獨特的形態之前；大約在妊娠的第一到第七週。 |
|
Emotivism: The belief
that ethical statements are an expression of our positive or negative feelings or emotion but are not
really objectively binding. |
情感主義：一種信念，認為道德的聲明只不過是我們的積極或消極的情緒或情感，但沒有真正的客觀約束力。 |
|
Enlightenment:
An intellectual movement in Europe from the 16th to the 18th centuries that
believed in the power of human reason to understand the world and to guide
human conduct. |
啟蒙運動：歐洲從
16到18世紀的思潮，相信人類理性有力量可以認識世界和引導人的行為。 |
|
Epistemology:
Investigation of the sources, methods, and status of human knowledge claims. |
知識論：一個學科，研究人類知識的來源、方法和狀態。 |
|
Erotic: Having to
do with sexual arousal and desire. |
色情：與性興奮和性渴望有關。 |
|
Erotic love: Selfish or
sensual love [contrast with agapic
love]. |
情欲愛：自私或感性的愛。［對比無私的愛］ |
|
Essentialism: (1)
The view that a human person has a right to life by virtue of being a member
of the human race, rather than by virtue of being able to perform certain
functions [contrast with
functionalism]. (2) The view that God wills something because it is right; it
is not right simply because God wills it (voluntarism). There are two basic
forms of essentialism. (a) According to Platonic essentialism, God wills it in
accord with some objective standard (the Eternal Forms) outside Himself. (b)
According to the Christian
essentialism, God wills it in accord with the absolute standard of His own
unchangeable nature. [contrast
with voluntarism to divine command ethics]. |
本質觀、本質主義：一種觀念，有兩個意思：（1）一個人有生命權，是因為他是人類的一份子，不是因為他能夠執行特定的功能。［對比功能主義］（2）認為神所決志的本身是正確的；它的正確性並非單單因為它是神所決志的（意識觀）。本質觀有兩種基本形式：（a）柏拉圖的本質觀認為，神根據在祂以外的客觀標準（永恆的形式）而決志。（b）基督教本質觀認為，神根據祂自己不變的本性內絕對的標準而決志。［對比神聖命令倫理的意識觀］ |
|
Ethical egoism:
Any teleological ethic that says one ought to act in self-interest. |
倫理利己主義：任何目的論倫理，認為一個人應該為自我利益而行動。 |
|
Ethical
relativism: (1) The view that sees all
ethical beliefs, norms, or methods depending on individual persons or
cultures; a denial of absolutes. (2) The view that the truth of some
ethical judgment as applied to a person’s behaviour depends on whether the
person believes the actions to be right or wrong, also called “ethical
subjectivism” [contrast with ethical absolutism]. |
道德相對主義：（1）認為所有道德信念、規範或方法都取決於個別人或個別文化；否定有絕對。（2）認為有關個人行為的道德判斷，其真理取決於那個人認為行動是正確的或錯誤的，也稱為「倫理主觀主義」。［對比倫理絕對主義］ |
|
Ethics: (1)
The study of morality; includes 3 levels: descriptive,
normative, and metaethical. (2) That branch of philosophy concerned with the
nature of morals and moral evaluation, e.g., what is right and wrong, virtuous
or vicious, and beneficial or harmful (to others). |
倫理學：（1）研究道德的學科，包括描述倫理、規範倫理和元倫理三個層次。（2）哲學的一個門類，有關道德的性質和道德性評價，例如，什麼是正確的和錯誤的、善良的或邪惡的、有利的或有害的（對其他人）。 |
|
Ethnicity:
An individual’s affiliation with a particular cultural tradition that may be
national (French) or regional (Sicilian) in character. Ethnicity differs from
race in that ethnicity is a sociological concept whereas race is a biological
phenomenon. |
種族：一個人對特定的文化傳統的歸屬關係，可以是國家的（法國）或區域的（西西里島）。種族與人種不同，種族是一個社會學概念，而人種是一種生物學現象。 |
|
Euthanasia: Literally, a happy
death; taking the life of a terminally ill or elderly human being before
natural death occurs. It is
intended for the humane purpose of ending the agony of someone who suffers
from incurable disease or injury. |
安樂死：字面的意思是快樂的死亡；就是在一個患病到末期的人或老人未到自然死亡前取去其生命。它原來的目的是人道的，使一個患有不治之病症或損傷的人結束痛苦。 |
|
Exception clause:
Jesus’ phrase “except for adultery” (Mt 5:32; 19:9) allows an exception to
the prohibition of divorce. |
例外之條款：「除了為淫亂的緣故」（太5:32; 19:9）這句話，就是禁止離婚的例外。 |
|
Exceptionism:
A view that a moral judgment is universal, but not absolute; as there are
justified exceptions to universal moral rules. |
例外主義：一種觀念，認為道德判斷是普遍的，卻不是絕對的；因為普遍道德律有合理的例外。 |
|
Existentialism, ethical: The
ethical view that stresses the subjective, individual, personal, and
volitional aspects of ethical decisions. |
存在主義（倫理的）：一個倫理觀，強調倫理抉擇的主觀性、個體性、個人性和意志性。 |
|
Fabrication:
In research ethics, it means making up data, experiments or other significant
information in proposing, conducting or reporting research. |
偽造：在研究倫理中，它指在建議、進行、或報告研究時，偽造資料、實驗或其他重要資料。 |
|
False
dilemma: The presentation of alternatives in a dichotomous way. For example:
“either print this story or don’t” is a false dilemma; there are many other choices: print later, print
some, print differently, etc. In logic, this form of reasoning is called the
either-or fallacy or excluded middle. |
假困境：錯誤地以兩分的方式提出各種選擇。例如：「要印出或不印出這個故事」是一個假困境；因為有很多其他選擇，如以後才印、印一部份、用不同時間印等等。在邏輯學中，這種推理被稱為非此即彼的謬誤或排除中間。 |
|
Falsification:
In research ethics, it means changing or misrepresenting data or experiments,
or misrepresenting the credentials of an investigator in a research proposal.
Unlike fabrication, distinguishing falsification of data takes judgment and
an understanding of statistical methods. |
歪曲：在研究倫理中，它指對數據或實驗的改變或歪曲，或在研究建議中歪曲調查員的資格。歪曲與偽造不同，區分數據的歪曲需要對統計方法有判斷和理解。 |
|
Feminism:
Movement advocating laws and social policies that promote social, political,
and economic equality between the genders. |
女權主義：一種運動，主張法律和社會政策應該促進社會上、政治上和經濟上的性別平等。 |
|
Fetology: The
scientific study of the unborn from conception to birth. |
胎兒學：科學學科，對胎兒的研究，由成孕到出生。 |
|
Fetus: The
individual unborn human in the later stages of development; roughly from the
end of the second month of pregnancy until birth. |
胎兒：個別未出生的人經歷後期發育階段，大致從懷孕第二個月月底直到分娩。 |
|
Fidelity:
The duty to be true and loyal to others. |
忠實：對他人誠實和忠心的義務。 |
|
Formalism:
The strict adherence to customs, such as religious tenets. |
形式主義：嚴格地遵守習俗，如宗教信條。 |
|
Fornication: (1)
Voluntary sexual intercourse between an unmarried man and an unmarried woman.
(2) In the Bible, the word can refer to all kinds of sexual immorality
(including adultery, homosexuality, incest, etc.). |
私通、淫亂：（1）一個未婚男子和一個未婚女子之間的自願性交。（2）在聖經中，這個詞可以指各種淫亂（包括通姦、同性戀、亂倫等）。 |
|
Fraud: An
intentional deception perpetrated to secure an unfair gain, in most cases
involving money. The term “research fraud” or “scientific fraud” is also used
to mean an intentional deception about scientific results. |
欺詐、騙局：用故意欺騙手段，為要取得不公平的收益，在大多數情況下涉及金錢。「研究欺詐」或「科學欺詐」也被用來指故意瞞騙科學成果。 |
|
Free market:
Economic environment in which individuals make economic decisions about
production and consumption independently, with a minimum of state interference.
|
自由市場：一種經濟環境，由個人對生產和消費作出獨立的經濟決策，政府只有最小的干預。 |
|
Freedom:
The belief that everyone is entitled to make choices, and holds that the
person is responsible for the consequences of their actions. |
自由：相信每個人都有權作出選擇，並認為每個人應對他們行動的後果負責。 |
|
Functionalism:
The view that a human organism is a human person by virtue of its ability to
function personally, that is, as a moral, intellectual, spiritual abilities [contrast with essentialism]. |
機能觀、功能主義：一種觀念，認為一個有機體能成為人是憑藉其作為個人的功能，即擁有道德、智力、心靈的功能。［對比本質觀］ |
|
Gay: Homosexual;
homosexual women prefer to speak of themselves as lesbians, while homosexual
men refer to themselves as gay men. |
同性戀者：在英文中，男同性戀者和人女同性戀者有不同的名詞（男的稱為gay men，女的稱為lesbians）。 |
|
Gender: Maleness
or femaleness. A person’s gender refers to that individual’s affiliation with
either male or female social roles. Gender differs from sex in the same way
that ethnicity differs from race: gender is a sociological concept, while sex
is a biological one. |
性別：雄性或雌性。一個人的性別是指個人認同男性或女性的社會角色。「性別」不同「性」，就像「種族」與「人種」不同：性別是一個社會學概念，而性是生物學概念。 |
|
Generalism: The belief
that there are no universal ethical norms, only general ones that are binding in most situations but also admit of
exceptions. |
廣泛主義：一個信念，認為沒有普遍的道德規範；規範只是一般性的，它們在大多數情況下具有約束力，但也有例外。 |
|
Gene-splicing: Grafting
characteristics from one animal onto another, sometimes producing new kinds
of organisms. |
遺傳基因移植或編接：將一個動物特徵移植到另一個動物，有時會產生生物新品種。 |
|
Genetic
engineering: (1) Term most commonly used to refer to the use of genetics to
design human descendants, and the manipulation of the entire living world for
the benefit of humanity. (2) More precisely, the term denotes any technical
intervention in the structure of genes, for such purposes as the removal of a
harmful gene, the enhancement of a specific genetic capacity, or the changing
of an organism’s genetic structure. (3) Sometimes the term is used to refer
to reproductive technologies in general. |
遺傳基因工程：（1）這個詞最常用來指利用遺傳學設計人類後代，和操縱整個生物世界去造福人類。（2）更精確地說，這個詞是指任何對基因結構的技術干預，目的是除去有害的基因，增強一個特定基因的包容力，或改變生物的基因結構。（3）有時這個詞是用來指一般生殖技術。 |
|
Genetics: Study
of genes (the chromosome units that determine one’s hereditary
characteristics) and the application of that knowledge to experimental and
clinical uses. |
遺傳學：研究基因（確定一個人遺傳特徵的染色體）和使用這些知識對實驗和臨床的應用。 |
|
Genocide: Attempt
to kill those of a particular race; logical extension of racism. |
種族滅絕、滅族行為：企圖滅絕某個種族，是種族主義邏輯性的延伸。 |
|
Golden mean: The
ethical view held by Aristotle and others that affirms the right action is
the mean between two extremes. |
黃金平均：一個倫理的觀點，為亞里士多德和其他人支持，認為正確的行動在兩個極端之間。 |
|
Graded
absolutism (also called hierarchicalism or contextual absolutism): Theory
maintaining that when two or more absolute universal ethical norms come
into unavoidable conflict, the right and nonculpable duty is to follow the
higher norm. |
等級絕對主義（也稱為階層主義或場合絕對主義）：一個倫理理論，認為當兩個或以上絕對的普遍道德規範出現不可避免的衝突時，跟隨較高的規範是正確和不應受罰的義務。 |
|
Guided market:
Economic environment in which central planners seek to guide an economy
toward certain desirable goals using a variety of strategies (taxes, tariffs,
subsidies, monetary policies, etc). |
制導市場：一種經濟環境，由中央政府計劃和指導經濟系統，使用各種策略（稅收、關稅、補貼、貨幣政策等）達到某些理想目標。 |
|
Harm: What
all rational people want to avoid for themselves or for those close to them,
unless they have a reason for wanting it. The harms include death, pain,
disability, being deprived of freedom or pleasure. The connection with
morality is: To irrationally cause harm to oneself is immoral. |
傷害：這是所有理性的人都想為自己或親友避開的，除非他們有理由想要它。傷害包括死亡、痛苦、殘疾、被剝奪自由或快樂。與道德的聯繫是：無理性地對自己造成傷害是不道德的。 |
|
Harvesting organs: Keeping
human organisms alive for the purpose of utilizing their organs for research
or transplantation. |
器官收割：保持人體生存，為着利用他們的器官作研究或移植。 |
|
Head: Key Greek
word (kephale) for understanding 1 Corinthians
11:13-16 and Ephesians 5:21-33; often interpreted by biblical traditionalists
to mean “authority over”, while some biblical feminists interpret it to mean “source”.
|
頭：一個希臘字（kephale），用來了解哥林多前書11:13-16和以弗所書5:21-33；聖經傳統主義者往往解釋它為「在上的權力」，而一些聖經女權主義者解釋它為「源頭」。 |
|
Hedon: An
abstract term that utilitarians use to designate a unit of pleasure (Greek
word for pleasure). Its opposite is a dolor, which is a unit of pain or
displeasure. |
享樂單位：功利主義者的抽象術語（hedon在希臘文中是快樂），指一個單位的快樂。它的相反是痛苦單位（dolor），指一個單位的痛苦或不快樂。 |
|
Hedonism: The belief
that pleasure is the essence of life and should be sought for its own sake. |
享樂主義：相信快樂是生命的要素，應該為快樂而尋求快樂。 |
|
Heterosexual:
Person attracted sexually to those of the opposite gender. |
異性戀者：一個人的性吸引源自異性的人。 |
|
Hierarchicalism:
(1) Another name for graded absolutism. (2) View that it is God’s design that
males must fill leadership roles in certain social relationships, and that
women must follow the leadership and authority of men. |
等級主義：（1）等同等級絕對主義。 （2）一個觀點，認為神的設計是男人必須在社會人際關係中占領導的角色，女人必須跟隨男人的領導和管治。 |
|
Homophobia:
Irrational fear of homosexuals, sometimes leading to an attitude of hostility
toward them. |
對同性戀恐懼症：不合理地對同性戀者的恐懼，有時甚至導致對他們有敵對的態度。 |
|
Homosexual:
Person (male or female) with a homosexual orientation; may refer only to
those who practice homosexual acts, or may include those who have same-sex
desires. |
同性戀者：有同性戀傾向的人（男或女）；可能只形容參與同性戀行動者，也可能包括所有對同性者有性渴望的人。 |
|
Homosexual
orientation: Disposition or persistent preference of a person for same-gender
sexual relationships; also known as constitutional homosexuality. |
同性戀趨向：持續地偏好或傾向同性性關係的人，也稱為固有的同性戀者。 |
|
Homosexuality:
Persistent or predominant sexual disposition of an individual toward persons
of the same sex. |
同性戀：持久地或顯著地對相同性別者有性傾向。 |
|
Human rights: A
concept with many possible meanings, but most commonly those basic
prerogatives, powers, and expectations of all people by virtue of their being
human beings. |
人權：一個有許多可能含義的概念，但最常見的意思是所有人憑藉其作為一個人的基本的特權、權力和期望。 |
|
Hypothetical
imperative: A conditional command, such as,
“If you want to lose weight, stop eating cookies.” Some philosophers have
claimed that morality is only a system of hypothetical imperatives, while
others—such as Kant—have maintained that morality is a matter of categorical
imperatives [contrast with
categorical imperative]. |
假設性命令、有前提的命令：帶着條件的命令，例如：「如果你想減肥，應停止吃餅乾。」有些哲學家主張，道德只是一個假設性命令的系統，另一些人（如康德）堅持認為，道德是一個絕對性命令。［對比絕對性命令］ |
|
Hysterectomy: A medical
procedure that removes the womb (uterus), thus making childbearing
impossible; a form of female sterilization; not to be confused with a
hysterotomy, which is an incision in the womb, especially for a caesarean
birth. |
子宮切除手術：切除子宮的醫療手術，結果是不可能再生育；這是女性絕育的一種形式；這和子宮切開手術不同，後者是在子宮切口，尤其是剖腹生產。 |
|
Ideal: How
we would like people to act; people are praiseworthy if they act in
accordance with the moral ideal (green-light ethics); an ideal action is one
that is morally encouraged, not morally required. For example, to people who
allow abortion, bearing the fetus to term is ideal, but terminating the
pregnancy for a variety of reasons is not necessarily blameworthy. |
理想：就是我們希望人們如何行動，如果按照道德理想的行動就值得讚揚（綠燈倫理）；一個理想的行動在道德上是被鼓勵的，卻不是一個道德要求。例如，一個孕婦懷胎至分娩是理想的，但因各種原因墮胎不一定是該責備的。 |
|
Ideal
absolutism (also called conflicting absolutism, or lesser-evil absolutism):
Theory stating that when moral dilemmas occur, one’s duty is to choose the
unavoidable lesser evil and then seek forgiveness for sinning. |
理想絕對主義（也稱為無衝突絕對主義或較輕之罪絕對主義）：一個倫理理論，認為當道德困境發生時，一個人的責任是選擇不可避免的較小的惡，然後尋求寬恕。 |
|
Idealism:
The perhaps unrealistic assumption that desirable outcomes can be obtained
without causing harms. The belief that we can help all nations of the world
to achieve the same level of wealth and conveniences, without causing anyone
to give up anything whatsoever is idealistic—and probably very naive. This is
different from epistemological “idealism,” which refers to the fact that we
all hold our world in our heads and that there may or may not be a
corresponding external reality. |
理想主義：一個相當不現實的假設，認為可以獲得理想的結果，而不會造成損害。例如，相信我們能夠幫助世界上所有國家實現同等的財富和享受水平，而不需任何人放棄任何東西，這是理想的，也可能是很幼稚的。這和認識論的「理想主義」不同，後者指我們每一個人在我們的頭腦都有一個世界，而且外在現實可能不是一樣。 |
|
Impaired child: One
born with an impairment that does not necessarily entail immediate death if
left untreated. |
受損兒童：一個帶着殘疾出生的兒童，雖然不治療亦不一定帶來立即死亡。［對比陷危兒童］ |
|
Impartial: Treating
everyone as equal. A person is acting impartially when he is acting like an
umpire in sports. The person tries to make similar judgments in similar
circumstances using rules that are known to all involved. For many
philosophers, impartiality is an essential component of the moral point of
view. |
無私的、無偏見的：平等地對待每一個人。當一個人的行為像一個運動的裁判，他的行動就是公正無私的。該人是試圖使用全部參與者都知道的規則，在同樣情況下作同樣的判決。對於許多哲學家，公正是道德觀點的一個不可缺少的成份。 |
|
Imperative:
A command. Philosophers often distinguish between hypothetical imperatives
and categorical imperatives. |
命令：指令。哲學家常常區別假設命令和絕對命令。 |
|
Imperiled child: One
born with an impairment that will cause death if not immediately treated. Not
to repair it is a form of infanticide [contrast with impaired child]. |
陷危兒童：一個帶着殘疾出生的兒童，如果不立即處理則將導致死亡。不治療殘疾是一種殺嬰。［對比受損兒童］ |
|
In vitro fertilization (IVF): Artificially induced
fertilization outside the human womb (in a petri dish), followed
by the insertion of the fertilized egg into the womb, popularly known as test-tube
babies. |
試管內授精、試管受孕：人工輔助的子宮外受精（在培養皿內），之後是將受精卵放入子宮；俗稱試管嬰兒。 |
|
Incest: Sexual
relations between close blood relatives,
most commonly between a father or stepfather and daughter or stepdaughter. |
亂倫：與有血親關係者的性交，最常見的是父親或繼父與女兒或養女之間的性關係。 |
|
Inclination:
Our sensuous feelings, emotions, and desires (as used by Kant, German Neigung), in contrast to reason.
Whereas inclination was seen as physical, causally-determined, and
irrational, reason was portrayed as non-physical, free, and obviously
rational. |
傾向：我們的官感、情緒和慾望（正如康德所使用），對比理性。傾向被視為是屬肉體的、基於因果的和非理性的；理性被視為是非肉體的、自由的和合理的。 |
|
Income: Economic
power or money that one receives periodically in exchange for labour or the
use of capital; a person with a high income may not be wealthy. |
收入：定期地收到經濟力量或金錢，以勞力或資本交換；一個高收入的人可能不富裕。 |
|
Induced abortion:
Intentional termination of a pregnancy using some medical interventions [contrast with spontaneous abortion]. |
人為墮胎、誘導墮胎：使用一些醫學方法故意地終止妊娠。［對比自然流產］ |
|
Inductive
argument: An argument which offers only a degree
of probability to support the conclusion [contrast with deductive argument]. |
歸納法論據：論據對結論只提供一定程度的或然率。［對比演繹法論據］ |
|
Infanticide: The act of
intentionally taking an innocent human life after birth. |
殺嬰：在嬰兒出生後，故意奪取的無辜生命。 |
|
Informed
consent: (1) Principle that a patient
understand medical treatment options before choosing treatment or the
withholding of treatment. (2) A term used to describe the obligation of
researchers to allow research subjects to be active participants in decision
regarding their participation in research. |
知情的贊同：（1）一個原則，就是病人首先了解醫藥治療方案，然後再選擇治療或拒絕治療。
（2）一個術語，用來描述研究人員的義務，就是讓研究對象成為積極的參與者，讓他們決定是否參與研究。 |
|
Integrationist:
Any position which attempts to reconcile apparently conflicting values into a
single framework. Integrationist positions are contrasted with separatist
positions, which advocate keeping groups separate from one another. |
綜合論者：試圖調和互相矛盾的價值觀，將它納入一個單一的理論中。綜合論者的觀點對比分離主義的觀點，後者主張保持彼此獨立。 |
|
Intentionalism: The
belief that the intent is the essence of an act, so that it is right if it is
done with good intentions and wrong if it is done with bad intentions. |
意識主義：一個觀點，認為意圖（目的）是行動的主要元素；有良好意圖的行動就是良好的，有不良意圖的行動就是錯誤的。 |
|
Intercourse
(sexual): Intimate sexual activity involving penile penetration; also known
as coitus. |
性交：親密的性活動，涉及陰莖貫入。 |
|
Interventionism: Disapproving
word that some advocates of the free-market view use to describe the
guided-market approach. |
干涉主義：一個反面的詞語，是主張自由市場觀點的人用來描述制導市場的政策。 |
|
Intrinsic good: Good in
and of itself, as opposed to good only as a means to something else. |
內在的良好：本身就是良好的，比對為了達致某個目的的良好手段。 |
|
Inversion: Same
as homosexual orientation. |
逆轉、顛倒：與同性戀趨向同義。 |
|
Irrationality:
The key to a system of morality. It is irrational to want harm without
reason. It is immoral to cause what is irrational to want. |
非理性：一個道德系統的關鍵。無理地想要受傷害是非理性的，尋求非理性的事是不道德的。 |
|
Is-ought fallacy: An
invalid inference from what is to what ought to be; arguing from the
descriptive to the prescriptive. |
「是」與「應」之謬誤：一個錯誤的推理，從「有什麼」推理至「應該做什麼」；就是辯說從描述轉至指令。 |
|
Jim Crow: A set
of laws, policies, and practices that enforced segregation of
African-Americans prior to the civil rights era. |
種族分離法：一組法律、政策和慣例，用來強迫美國黑人種族隔離，實行在公民權利時代之前。 |
|
Jubilee, law of: An Old
Testament law (Lev 25, 27) stipulating that the land would return to its
original owner after fifty years.
|
禧年之律法：舊約律法（利25，27章）規定在五十年後，土地要歸還給原來的主人。 |
|
Judgment: A
proposition that states what is morally required, prohibited, permitted, or
encouraged. |
判斷：一個命題，指出什麼是道德上的要求、禁止、允許、或鼓勵。 |
|
Just war: A war
that satisfies both jus ad bellum
and jus in bello criteria. Jus ad bellum means the “right to wage
war” referring to the conditions of just cause, just intention, declaration
by lawful authority, and as a last resort. Jus in bello means “right conduct in war” referring to the
conditions of noncombatant immunity and proportionate means. |
正義戰爭：一場戰爭同時滿足「訴諸戰爭權」和「強制戰時標準」。「訴諸戰爭權」是指「發動戰爭的權利」，就是有正義的原因、正義的意圖，合法權力宣戰、和戰爭作為最後的手段。「強制戰時標準」是指在「戰爭中正確的行為」，就是非戰鬥人員的豁免和成比例的戰爭手段。 |
|
Justice:
(1) The duty to treat all fairly, distributing the risks and benefits
equably. (2) A trait of individuals or
societies that seeks to achieve and enforce impartially those conditions that
foster human flourishing, by rendering to each person what is due to him or
her. |
正義、公義：（1）一個責任，公平地對待所有人，均勻分配風險和利益。（2）一個人或群體的特徵，力求和推行公正，也就是促進人類繁榮的條件，通過給與每個人所應得的。 |
|
Justification:
How one explains or excuses questionable behaviour. A questionable act—lying,
for example—is strongly justified
if most rational, impartial persons could advocate lying in specific situations.
A questionable act is not
justified if no rational, impartial persons could advocate lying in those situations.
It is weakly justified if a
rational, impartial person could go either way. |
合理：人們如何去解釋或辯白有問題的行為。一個有問題的行為（如說謊）可以是有極合理的，如果大部份公正和有理性的人可在特定情況下主張說謊。如果沒有公正和有理性的人在該情況下主張說謊，行為就是有問題的。如果公正和有理性的人有不同的意見，行為就是稍微合理的。 |
|
Kingdom ethic:
Theological approach to justifying ethical claims that emphasizes the
distinctiveness of Christian ethics and the centrality of biblical teaching [contrast with creation ethic]. |
國度倫理：一個辯護倫理主張的神學方法，強調基督教倫理的獨特性和以聖經教導為中心。［對比創造倫理］ |
|
Law: A
system of rules different from ethics. Something can be legal but not
ethical—lying to one’s employer, for example—as well as ethical but not
legal—refusing to obey laws that discriminate against minorities, for
example. The most easily justified actions are those that are ethical and
legal. Note that one cannot justify a moral rule by suggesting that it’s not
illegal; however, one can challenge a legal rule by analyzing it as immoral.
Morality is the bedrock on which we build laws. |
法律、律例：一個與倫理學不同的規則系統。有些東西是合法的，但卻是不道德的（如欺騙雇主）；有些是合道德的，卻是不合法的（例如，拒絕服從歧視少數民族的法律）。最清晰的合理行動是同時合道德和合法的。要注意，一個人不能說一個道德律不是非法的，就証明它是合理的；但是，一個人可以向一個法律挑戰，通過分析說它不道德。道德是我們建立法律的基石。 |
|
Legalism: Ethical
systems, condemned in the Bible, that overemphasizes law and develop detailed
rules for many specific matters without regard for justice or mercy; legalism
tends to universalize norms that are relevant in particular cultures only [contrast with antinomianism]. |
律法主義、條文主義：道德體系，為聖經所譴責，過分強調律法，也為許多具體事項制訂詳細的規則，但卻不考慮停止正義或憐憫；律法主義趨於將只適合特定文化的規範普及化。［對比無規範主義］ |
|
Lesbian: A
homosexual woman. |
女同性戀者：涉及同性戀的婦女。 |
|
Lesser-evil view: The
belief that there are real moral conflicts and that in such cases one is
morally obliged to choose the lesser of the two evils. |
較輕之罪：一種觀點，相信有真正的道德衝突，在這情況下，一個人有義務選擇較小的罪惡。 |
|
Letting die:
Withholding life-prolonging and life-sustaining technologies to enhance the
well-being of the terminally ill by avoiding useless prolonging of the dying
process. Letting die is like passive euthanasia in that it prohibits direct
killing (the underlying disease or injury is the actual cause of death); but unlike passive
euthanasia, letting die does not intend or choose death [contrast with euthanasia]. |
容讓死亡：停止延長生命和維持生命的技術，用意是提高患絕症者的福利，就是避免無作用地延長死亡的過程。容讓死亡和被動式安樂死相似，同樣禁止直接殺死病人（實際導致死亡的原因是疾病或受傷）；與被動式安樂死不同的，容讓死亡並沒有故意選擇死亡［對比安樂死］。 |
|
Lex rex: Literally
“the law is king” as opposed to “the king is law”; taken from Samuel
Rutherford’s famous book by that title (1644). |
法律是王：相對於「國王是法律」；取自盧瑟福（Samuel Rutherford）在1644年的書名。 |
|
Lex talionis: The law of retribution (eye for eye, tooth for tooth,
life for life) found in Leviticus 24:17-20 and relevant to Exodus 21:22-25. |
報應之法律：原則是以眼還眼、以牙還牙、以命償命，記載在利未記24:17-20，和出埃及記21:22-25有關。 |
|
Liberation
theology: Third-World (especially Latin American) movement that defines sin
as economic oppression and salvation as personal, economic, and political
liberation of the poor. |
解放神學：出現於第三世界（特別是拉丁美洲）的運動，它將罪定義為經濟上的壓迫，將拯救定義為對窮人的個人、經濟和政治的解放。 |
|
Likely to
Lead [to the suffering of unjustifiable harms]: Some behaviours are morally
prohibited because they are likely to lead to the suffering of unjustifiable
harms. These actions include deceiving, cheating, breaking promises, breaking
the law, and failing to meet one’s role-related responsibilities. This is
consequentialist ethics. |
可能引致［遭受不合理的傷害］：有些行為在道德上是禁止的，因為他們很可能會導致不合理的傷害。這些行動包括欺騙、作弊、違背諾言、違反法律、不盡角色相關的責任。這是後果主義倫理。 |
|
Living will:
Legal document in which a person indicates his wishes regarding treatment in
order to guide medical personnel in situations where he is unable to choose
treatment. |
志願書：一份合法文件，是一個人表示他對治療的願望，用以指導醫務人員在他無能力選擇治療的情況下決定處理的方法。 |
|
Love: The supreme
virtue, rational, emotional, and volitional, that seeks the highest good of
others through self-giving relationships. |
愛：最高的美德，包括理性、情感和意志，通過自我犧牲，為他人尋求最高的善。 |
|
Lust (sexual):
Strong desire for illegitimate sexual involvement. |
肉慾：強烈的不合法的性慾望。 |
|
Mammon: Wealth
and money seen as a power or deity. |
瑪門、錢財：財富和金錢被視為權力或神。 |
|
Marriage: A union
of one man and one woman as husband and wife through an official ceremony of
vows by which the man and woman promise faithfulness to each other; marriage
is recognized by society as well as by the church and is consummated in a
full sexual union. |
婚姻：一個男人和一個女人作為丈夫和妻子的結合，通過一個正式儀式的誓言，男人和女人在其中承諾忠實於對方；婚姻是社會和教會認可的，以性聯結而完成。 |
|
Masturbation:
Stimulating oneself sexually, usually to orgasm. |
手淫、自慰：自我性刺激，通常達到高潮。 |
|
Maxim:
According to Kant, a maxim is the subjective rule that an individual uses in
making a decision. |
原理：根據康德，原理是主觀的規則，有些人使用原理來作抉擇。 |
|
Means:
Philosophers often contrast means and ends. The ends we seek are the goals we
try to achieve, while the means are the actions or things which we use in
order to accomplish those ends. Some philosophers, such as Immanuel Kant,
have argued that we should never treat human beings merely as means to an
end. |
手段：哲學家常常對比手段和目的。我們所尋求的目的是我們嘗試實現的目標，手段就是我們用以實現目標的行動或事物。有些哲學家（如康德）認為，我們絕不應該把人類僅僅作為達到目的的手段。 |
|
Mercy killing: A
synonym for euthanasia. |
人道殺人、慈殺：安樂死。 |
|
Metaethical
relativism: Theory that moral norms and rules of justification are not
universal, but relative to specific persons, cultures, or religions. |
元倫理相對主義：一個理論，認為道德規範和辯護規範的規則都不是普遍性的，是相對於個人、文化或宗教的。 |
|
Metaethics: Third
level of ethical analysis that looks at the meaning of ethical terms and the
rules of ethical justification. |
元倫理學：道德分析的第三個層次，着重道德詞語的意義和道德辯護的規則。 |
|
Middle axioms: Universal
ethical principles derived from other universal principles. |
中通則：由其他普遍原則推論而來的普遍道德原則。 |
|
Misogyny: Latent
or explicit hatred of women. |
厭女症、厭女癖：潛在的或明確的仇恨婦女。 |
|
Modernism:
Western cultural mentality, associated with the Enlightenment but now gradually
declining, that stresses the supremacy and objectivity of human reason, the
possibility of absolute knowledge, and the inevitability of progress [contrast with postmodernism]. |
現代主義：西方文化的心態，與啟蒙運動聯繫，但現在逐漸衰落。這主義強調人理性的最高地位和客觀性、絕對知識的可能性、和進步的必然性。［對比與後現代主義］ |
|
Money: Any medium
of economic exchange; a common unit of material value used to assign values
to all other objects. |
金錢、財產：經濟交流的媒介；物質價值的共同單位，用來為所有其他事物指定價值。 |
|
Monogamy: A
relationship between one husband and one wife, as opposed to polygamy, in
which one husband has multiple wives. |
一夫一妻制：一個丈夫和一個妻子的婚姻關係，對比一夫多妻制，就是一個丈夫有多個妻子。 |
|
Moral
commitment: The individual must give priority to moral values above other
personal values such that an intended decision is to do what is morally
right. |
道德性許諾：一個人必須優先考慮道德價值觀過於個人價值觀，目的是作道德上正確的行動。 |
|
Moral
development: A set of theories that describe moral maturity or
sophistication, and the steps that one follows in reaching moral maturity or
sophistication. Typically, fear of punishment and hope for reward as moral
motivator ranks much lower than the wish to do right. |
道德發展：一組描述道德成熟化或複雜化的理論，也描述所需的步驟。通常，在激發道德的工具中，以做正確行為的願望比較有效，恐懼懲罰和希望報酬的效果比較低。 |
|
Moral dilemma or
conflict of duties: Situation in which there is a conflict between two or
more ethical absolutes. |
道德困境、責任衝突：有兩個或以上「道德的絕對」發生衝突的情況。 |
|
Moral
isolationism: The view that we ought not to be morally concerned with people
outside of our own immediate group. It is often a consequence of moral
relativism. |
道德孤立主義、道德隔離主義：一個觀點，認為我們不應關注自己的直接群體以外的道德。它往往是道德相對主義的後果。 |
|
Moral
reasoning: The process of making a judgment about what course of action is
morally right, thus prescribing a course of action that ought to be done. |
道德論證：判斷什麼行動是道德正確，從而訂定一個應該做的行動。 |
|
Moral
sensitivity: The individual faced with a situation makes analyses concerning
what actions are possible, who would be affected by these actions, and how
these actions would be regarded by the affected parties. |
道德敏感性：一個人面對某種情況會作下列分析：可以採取哪些行動、誰會受到這些行動影響、受影響的各方會怎樣看這些行動。 |
|
Moral
sphere: The area of problems that require moral reflection. |
道德領域：有道德問題需要反思的領域。 |
|
Moral
system: The structure that both describes and prescribes how people should
act in regards to one another. An adequate moral system will clearly
differentiate among behaviours that are morally prohibited, those that are
morally permitted, those that are morally required, and those that are
morally encouraged. |
道德系統：一個結構，描述和規定人們對其他人如何行動。一個完整的道德系統會明確區分各種行為，就是道德上禁止的、道德上准許的、道德上要求作的、道義上鼓勵的行為。 |
|
Morality: (1)
Dimension of life related to right behaviour or conduct, including virtuous
character, honorable intentions, and right actions. (2) The first-order
beliefs and practices about good and evil by means of which we guide our
behaviour. Contrast with Ethics, which is the second-order, reflective
consideration of our moral beliefs and practices. |
道德：（1）生命的領域，有關正確的行動或行為，包括有德行的性格、誠實的意圖和正確的行動。（2）對正誤的信仰和實踐，這是第一階，它引導我們的行為。對比第二階「倫理學」，就是對正誤的信仰和實踐的反省。 |
|
Mores: Customs or
practices of a culture, whether morally right or not. |
風俗、習俗：一種文化的風俗或習慣，無論是道德上正確或錯誤的。 |
|
Motive:
That which moves a person to action. Typically these are emotions, desires or
concerns. |
動機：使一個人行動的動力。常見的包括情緒、渴望和關切。 |
|
Narcissism:
An excessive preoccupation with oneself. In mythology, Narcissus was a
beautiful young man who fell in love with his own image reflected in a pool
of water. |
自我崇拜：過分關注自己。在神話中，水仙是一個美麗的男青年，他愛上了自己在水中的映像。 |
|
Narrative ethics:
An approach to the moral life that focuses on an individual’s life story, the
story or tradition of one’s community or group, and the stories of others;
and how these shape one’s character and influence one’s life patterns. |
叙事倫理學：一種道德生活的處理方式，集中於個人的生活故事，自己群體的故事或傳統，其他人的故事；以及這些故事如何塑造一個人的性格，和如何影響人的生活模式。 |
|
Natural law
theory: The
view that there is a basic moral law known to all rationally and morally
responsible human beings by nature and apart from any supernatural
revelation. It provides a
foundation for establishing and understanding moral values and obligations.
For Christians, God created human life for certain purposes such that
identifying these helps develop and justify a Christian ethic. Believers in
natural law hold (a) that there is a natural order to the human world, (b)
that this natural order is good, and (c) that people therefore ought not to
violate that order. |
自然律理論：一個觀點，認為基本的道德律是所有理性和道德上負責任的人自然知道的，在超自然啟示以外。它提供了一個建立和理解道德觀念和義務的基礎。對於基督徒，神因某些目的而創造人類，確定這些目的有助於發展和辯護基督教倫理。自然律理論的支持者相信：（a）人類世界有一個自然秩序；（b）這自然秩序是好的；（c）人類不應破壞這秩序。 |
|
Natural passive euthanasia: Allowing
terminally ill persons to die naturally without withdrawing food, air, or
water from them. |
自然被動式安樂死：允許末期病患者自然死亡，但沒有停止供應食物、空氣或水。 |
|
Naturalism: Philosophical
view of ethics asserting that moral values can be derived from facts about
the world and human nature, and that ethical terms and propositions are
translatable into factual words and statements. “Is” can imply “ought” [contrast with nonnaturalism]. Note
that ethical naturalism differs from philosophical naturalism or atheism. |
自然主義：一個倫理學的哲學觀，主張道德價值可以從世界和人類本性的事實導出，倫理詞語和命題可以翻譯成言語和聲明。「是」可以含有「應該」的意思。［對比非自然主義］［注意：倫理自然主義和哲學上的自然主義或無神論不同。］ |
|
Naturalistic
fallacy: Inferring normative (prescriptive) conclusions from factual
(descriptive) premises alone; deriving the ought entirely from the is. |
自然主義謬誤：單單從事實（描述）來推斷規範（規範）的結論，單單從「是」導至「應」。 |
|
Negligence:
Failure to be sufficiently careful in a matter in which one has a moral
responsibility to exercise care. |
疏忽：在一個有道德責任要小心的情況下缺乏應盡的小心。 |
|
Nihilism: The negation of all
moral values, as in “relativism”. Literally, a belief in nothing (nihil). Most
philosophical discussions of nihilism arise out of Fredrich Nietzsche’s
remarks on nihilism in The Will to
Power. |
虚無主義：否定所有道德價值觀，像「相對主義」。字面的意思是不相信任何事。虚無主義的哲學討論大多源於尼采（Nietzsche）在《對權力的意志》一書的虛無主義言論。 |
|
Nominalism: The view that there is no real basis for an essence,
nature, or universal concept; in ethics, the belief that there are no
universal ethical laws. |
唯名論：一種觀念，認為本質、性質、或普遍概念都沒有真實的基礎；在倫理學上，這是沒有普遍道德律的信念。 |
|
Noncognitivism:
Any theory that sees ethical principles as cognitively meaningless; an
implication of positivism. |
非認知主義：任何理論認為道德原則在認知上是無意義的；引致實證主義。 |
|
Nonconflicting
absolutism: Theory that holds that ethical absolutes do not actually
conflict; God’s absolutes, properly understood, allow no exceptions. |
無衝突絕對主義：一個倫理理論，認為絕對的規範不會實際上衝突；根據正確理解，神的絕對規範不允許任何例外。 |
|
Nonmaleficence: (1) The duty to cause no harm. (2) Principle asserting that doctors are minimally
obligated to avoid harming their patients. This principle is more fundamental
than beneficence. |
非邪惡：（1）一個責任，不做成任何傷害。（2）一個原則，主張醫生最少有義務避免傷害他們的病人。這個原則比善行更基本。 |
|
Nonnative ethics:
Same as prescriptive ethics. |
非天然倫理學：與指令性倫理學同義。 |
|
Nonnaturalism:
Philosophical view of ethics claiming that ethical terms and propositions are
not translatable into factual words and statements [contrast with naturalism]. |
非自然主義：一個倫理學的哲學觀，主張倫理詞語和命題不能被翻譯成實際言語和聲明。［對比自然主義］ |
|
Nonviolent
resistance: View that Christians should not only avoid participation in war,
but also actively resist war using nonviolent means. |
非暴力反抗：認為基督徒應該不單避免參與戰爭，而且還採用積極非暴力手段去抗拒戰爭。 |
|
Norm: A moral rule, a guide to character and action. |
規範：一個道德律，一個對品格和行動的指南。 |
|
Normative
ethics: Second level of ethical analysis;
analyzing about how people SHOULD behave, as differentiated from how they DO
behave [contrast with descriptive
ethics]. |
規範倫理學：倫理的第二個層次，分析人們應該有怎樣的行為的，區別於他們怎樣做。［對比敘述性倫理學］ |
|
Normative
relativism: View that what is right in one culture or for one person might
not be right for another. |
規範相對主義：一個倫理觀點，主張在一種文化或一個人認為是正確的觀點，對另一個未必是正確。 |
|
Nuclear pacifism:
View that while warfare with conventional weapons may at times be justified,
nuclear warfare can never be, due to the uniquely destructive nature of
nuclear weapons. |
核子和平主義：一個觀點，認為常規武器的戰爭有時可能是合理的，核子戰爭卻永遠不會合理，因為核子武器的獨特破壞性。 |
|
Objective:
Having reality or truth-value that relies on criteria that are external to the
speaker. Objective statement in morality are statements where there is
remarkable universal agreement. |
客觀：所擁有的真實或真價值是依賴判斷者以外的標準。對道德的客觀聲明是基於顯著的普遍認同。 |
|
Ontology: Study
of the nature of being, of what exists. |
本體論：一個學科，研究生存和存在的性質。 |
|
Ordinary/extraordinary:
In medical treatments, the distinction related to the degree of pain,
expense, invasiveness, or inconvenience in proportion to possible benefits of
that treatment. Ordinary means are
medical options that both offer reasonable hope of benefit and require only
moderate costs. Extraordinary
means are medical options that either offer little reasonable hope of
recovery or require excessive costs in pain, expense, or inconvenience. |
平凡或平常／異常或超常：在醫療上，區別疼痛的程度、費用、手術的侵襲性或不便處各方面，與治療可能帶來的好處的比例。平常的方法是對好處提供了合理希望的醫療選擇，也只需要適度的費用。超常的方法是對恢復提供了很少希望的醫療選擇，也需要極重的代價，包括痛苦、費用或不便。 |
|
Organ transplants: Replacing defective organs in one person with
healthy ones from another person.
|
器官移植：以另一個人健康的器官，更換一個人有缺陷的器官。 |
|
Pacifism: The view that war is always wrong under all circumstances. |
和平主義、反戰主義：一個觀點，主張戰爭在所有情況下都一定是錯的。 |
|
Particularity:
Recently, ethicists have contrasted particularity with universality and
impartiality and asked how, if morality is necessarily universal and
impartial, it can give adequate recognition to particularity. Particularity
refers to specific attachments (friendships, loyalties, etc.) and desires
(fundamental projects, personal hopes in life) that are usually seen as
irrelevant to the rational moral self. |
特殊性／普遍性：最近，倫理學家對比特殊性與普遍性（和公正性），他們發問：如果道德必然是普遍的和公正的，它應該充分認可特殊性。特殊性是指具體的依附（友誼，忠心等）和慾望（個人在生命中的基本計劃和希望），它們通常被視為與理性的道德自我無關。 |
|
Passive
euthanasia: Allowing someone to die without technical or medical intervention to
stop it, intending death as a
means to ending the agony of a suffering person. Rather than directly taking
the life, one acts to avoid prolonging the dying process, allowing the
underlying disease or injury to cause death; also called negative euthanasia
[contrast with active euthanasia].
|
被動式安樂死：允許人的死亡，而不用技術或醫療干預去阻止它，目的是終結受苦的人的痛苦。它不是直接奪取生命，只是避免延長死亡的過程，容讓潛在的疾病或損傷造成死亡，也稱為消極安樂死。［對比主動式安樂死］ |
|
Patriarchy:
Systems of social life that preserve male privilege; feminists argue that
patriarchy oppresses women. |
族長制：一個社會生活的系統，為保護男性特權；女權主義者認為族長制壓迫婦女。 |
|
Patriolatry: Radical patriotism that treats one’s country as ultimate
or on a level with God. |
狂熱愛國主義：激進的愛國主義，以自己的國家為最重要的，甚至和神同一個水平。 |
|
Pauline
privilege: The idea that an innocent Christian deserted by an unbelieving
spouse is not bound to the marriage vow and is therefore free to choose
remarriage; based on one interpretation of the phrase by Paul in 1 Corinthians 7:15. |
保羅的特權：一個想法，就是一個無辜的基督徒若被不信的配偶遺棄，她就不受婚姻的誓言所束縛，可以自由選擇再婚；這解釋是基於保羅在哥林多前書7:15的話。 |
|
People of colour:
Recently coined phrase incorporating all nonwhite ethnic and racial groups
bound together by their common experience of oppression and discrimination
due to the racism of whites. |
有色人種：一個近代詞語，包括所有非白人種族群體，他們的共同經驗是被有種族主義的白人壓迫和歧視。 |
|
Permitted:
Behaviour that is within the bounds of the moral system. It is morally
permitted to act in ways that do not cause others unjustified harm. |
准許性行動：這是在道德體系之內的行為。不給別人造成不合理的損害就是道德准許性行動。 |
|
Personalism: The belief that persons are the essence of moral values,
an end in themselves, the only thing with “intrinsic good”. |
個人至上論：一個信念，認為個人就是道德價值的本質，個人就是目的，也是唯一的「內在的善」。 |
|
Petting: Fondling
another person’s sexually excitable body parts. |
愛撫：撫摸他人的身體而達到性興奮。 |
|
Phronesis:
According to Aristotle, Phronesis is practical wisdom, the ability to make
the right decision in difficult circumstances. |
實用智慧：根據亞里士多德，實用智慧就是有能力在困難的情況下做出正確的決定。 |
|
Plagiarism:
To duplicate the writings, graphic representations or ideas of another person
and represent them as one’s own, that is, without proper attribution.
Plagiarism is a form of intellectual property violation. |
抄襲：複製別人的作品、圖像或思想，將它們作為自己的工作，也沒有適當的引申來源。抄襲是一種知識產權的侵犯。 |
|
Pleasure
calculus: Jeremy Bentham’s method for identifying a right act by calculating
the amount of pleasure the act will produce. |
對歡樂之運算：邊沁（Bentham）確定一個正確行動的方法，通過計算行動帶來的快樂總額。 |
|
Pluralism:
The belief that there are multiple perspectives on an issue, each of which
contains part of the truth but none of which contain the whole truth. In
ethics, moral pluralism is the belief that different moral theories each
capture part of truth of the moral life, but none of those theories has the
entire answer. |
多元主義：相信每個問題都有多個角度去評估，每個都包含部份真理，但沒有一個包含全部真理。在倫理學中，道德多元主義相信每個不同的道德理論都捕捉了道德生活的一部份真理，但沒有一個理論具有全盤答案。 |
|
Pornography:
Sexually explicit pictures, writing, or other materials designed to arouse
sexual desires. |
色情品：色情圖片、文字、或其他材料，旨在引起性慾。 |
|
Positivism: (1) View that
knowledge is limited to empirically observable facts and definitional
statements; positivism judges ethical claims as being meaningless. (2) The belief that values
are chosen (not discovered) voluntarily by people, as opposed to being
derived from nature or God. |
實証主義：（1）一種觀點，認為知識只限於以經驗觀察到的事實和定義的說明；實証主義判斷道德宣稱是無意義的。（2）一個信仰，認為價值觀是人自願地選擇（不是發現）的，而不是源於自然或神。 |
|
Postmodernism:
Western cultural mentality that emphasizes the perspectival and limited
character of human knowing; it justifies truth claims holistically (rather
than individually) and pragmatically (rather than through correspondence) [contrast with modernism]. |
後現代主義：現代西方的文化心態，強調人類知識的透視性與有限性，它接受從整體上（而不是個別的）和實用上（而不是透過對應方法）獲得真理。［對比與現代主義］ |
|
Potentiality
principle: A kind of functionalism affirming that a human organism possesses
a right to life if it has developed or has the natural capacity for
developing self-conscious, personal life [contrast with actuality principle]. |
潛力性原則：一種機能主義，認為一個人必須已經發展或有自然能力去發展自我意識（自覺）和個人生活，才能有生命權。［對比實際性原則］ |
|
Practical
ethics: Using a moral system, knowledge of conventions, role-related
responsibilities and individuals’ needs to an ethical analysis. Agreement in
this area relies on adherences to common moral theories, a condition that is uncommon.
|
實用倫理學：利用道德體系、知識的常規、角色相關的責任和個人的需要，作為倫理分析。在這方面的協議需要依靠對共同的道德理論的接受，這種情況是很少見的。 |
|
Practicing
homosexual: One who prefers and regularly engages in same-sex genital
activities. |
同性戀實行者：一個喜歡經常參與同性生殖器性行為的人。 |
|
Pragmatism, ethical: The view that actions are good if they work (have
cash value) or bring good results (utilitarianism and consequentialism). |
實用主義：一個觀點，主張如果行動帶來利益或好結果就是好的（相等功利主義和後果主義）。 |
|
Preemptive strike: An attempt by one country to attack its enemy
first, to disable it. |
先發制人的進攻：一國在敵人攻擊前對它攻擊，試圖使它失去能力。 |
|
Prescriptive ethics (normative
ethics):
The view that ethical laws are imperative, not descriptive [contrast
with descriptive ethics]; they are a matter of “ought,” not of “is” [contrast with mores]. |
指令性倫理學（規範倫理）：一個觀點，認為道德律是命令性的，不是描述性的［對比敘述性倫理學］；道德律的問題是「應該」，不是「是」。［對比習俗］ |
|
Preventive war: A
war begun not in response to an act of aggression, but in anticipation of
such, to prevent the other side from striking first. |
預防性戰爭：戰爭的開始並非對侵略行為的回應，而是預期敵方侵略，防止對方先發制人。 |
|
Prima facie absolute (Latin meaning “at first glance”): A norm
viewed as being exceptionless in the abstract, when considered outside of any
real-life context or separate from any situational factors. |
顯見之絕對：一個被看作是沒有例外的規範，只在抽象的考慮中，就是在任何真實生活情境之外或獨立於任何環境因素。 |
|
Principalism:
Ethical approach that applies broad, abstract moral principles to general
classes of cases. |
原則論：一個倫理觀點，以廣泛的、抽象的道德原則應用於同類別的一般個案。 |
|
Principles: Broad
moral guidelines and precepts that are more foundational and more general
than rules. |
原則：廣泛的道德準則和戒律，比規則更基礎和更廣泛。 |
|
Privacy right: Personal rights of noninterference from others; the
rights of persons as private individuals. |
私隱權：不被他人干涉的個人權利；私人保密的權利。 |
|
Problem of the
commons: The problem of how to protect resources that belong to no one in
particular but are necessary to the well-being of everyone. |
共有資源的處理：一個如何保護資源的問題，就是若資源不屬於任何一個人，但是卻為着每一個人的福利所必要的。 |
|
Pro-choice: An
adjective describing views that regard the value of reproductive freedom more
highly than the value of fetal life [contrast
pro-life]. |
維護選擇：一個觀點的形容詞，主張生育自由的價值比胎兒生命的價值更高。［對比維護生命］ |
|
Prohibited:
Behaviour that is not within the bounds of the moral sphere. It is morally
prohibited to act in ways that cause others to suffer or likely to suffer unjustified
harms. |
禁止：這是不在道德體系之內的行為。給別人造成不合理的損害就是道德禁止的行動。 |
|
Pro-life: An
adjective describing views that regard the value of fetal life more highly
than the value of reproductive freedom [contrast
pro-choice]. |
維護生命：一個觀點的形容詞，主張胎兒生命的價值比生育自由的價值更高。［對比維護選擇］ |
|
Promiscuity:
Sexual behaviour characterized by casual, superficial relationships and
frequent changes of partners. |
亂交、濫交：性行為，特點是隨意的、膚淺的關係和頻繁改變性夥伴。 |
|
Prosperity
gospel: View that a Christian has a spiritual birthright that includes
material wealth (also called the health and wealth gospel). |
財富福音：一個觀點，認為一個基督徒有屬靈的權利，包括物質財富（也稱為健康與財富的福音）。 |
|
Psychologism
egoism. The doctrine that all human motivation is ultimately selfish or
egoistic. |
心理說之利己主義：一種學說，認為所有人的動機最終是自私的或利己的。 |
|
Qualitative utilitarianism: The utilitarian view that measures the
greatest good in terms of what kind or quality of pleasure over pain is
likely to result. |
質量利己主義：一個功利主義的觀點，就是需要計算可帶來的快樂的種類或質量（減去痛苦），來決定什麼是最大的善。 |
|
Quality-of-life principle: The belief that decisions should be made in
view of the quality of human life that will result [contrast with sanctity of human life]. |
生命質素原則：一個信念，認為抉擇應鑑於對人類生命的質素改變。［對比生命神聖論］ |
|
Quantitative utilitarianism: The utilitarian view that defines the
greatest good in a quantitative way, measuring how much pleasure over how
much pain is likely to result. |
數量利己主義：一個功利主義的觀點，就是需要計算可帶來的快樂的數量（減去痛苦），來決定什麼是最大的善。 |
|
Race: Ambiguous
term for categorizing people by appearance; possibly grouping people from
very different cultural backgrounds into one race, for example, describing
both Pakistanis and Koreans as “Asians.” |
人種：含糊的詞語，將人根據面貌分類；可能將不同的文化背景的人組成一個種族，例如，描述巴基斯坦人和韓國人同是「亞洲人」。 |
|
Racial prejudice:
Negative attitudes about certain persons based on racial or ethnic identity. |
種族偏見：對某些人的消極態度，基於人種或種族身份。 |
|
Racism: (1)
Traditionally, the belief that one racial group is inherently superior to or
more virtuous or deserving than another due to inherited characteristics,
that civilization has developed due to the virtues of that race, and that the
future of civilized society depends on preserving the purity of that race.
(2) Recently, some describe racism as racial prejudice with power and attribute
racism as the cause of cultural dislocation experienced by minority peoples. |
種族主義：（1）傳統上，這是一個觀點，認為一個種族群體由於遺傳特徵是內在地比另一個種族更優越、更有美德、或更值得獲好處，人類的文化發展是因為這種族的美德，世界文明社會的未來依賴維護這種族的純淨。（2）最近，有人形容種族主義為擁有力量的種族偏見，認為少數民族經歷文化脫位的原因是種族主義。 |
|
Rape: Sexual
intercourse without the consent of one of the partners. |
強姦：未經夥伴同意的性交。 |
|
Rationality.
(1) The reverse of irrationality; (2) The ability to know that oneself and
others can be harmed, the ability to recognize harms as such, and the ability
to understand that questionable action requires justification. |
合理性：（1）非理性的反面；（2）有能力知道自己和其他人能夠受到傷害，有能力認識到這種危害，並且有能力知道行動需要合理。 |
|
Reconstructionism: The view that the Old Testament Mosaic law is still
binding on all individuals and nations and should be the basic moral law of
all countries. It is sometimes called theonomy (law of God) or biblionomy
(biblical law). One question whether the OT demands for capital punishment
are still in effect for adultery, fornication, homosexuality, and other
crimes. It is a movement within
conservative Christianity since the 1960s, whose proponents are mostly
Reformed and postmillenialist. |
重建主義：一個倫理學觀點，認為舊約摩西律法仍對所有個人和所有國家具有約束力，它應該是所有國家的基本道德律。它有時被稱為神律主義或聖經律主義。其中一個問題是死刑是否對通姦、淫亂、同性戀和其他罪行仍然有效。這是一個保守基督徒在20世紀 60年代以來的運動，支持者大多是改革宗和後千禧年派。 |
|
Redistribution: Strategy
by which government takes money from the wealthy and gives it to the poor. |
重新分配：政府的策略，將金錢從富裕者取來交給窮人。 |
|
Relativism:
The
belief that there are no moral absolutes. In ethics, there are two main
type of relativism. (1) Descriptive ethical
relativism claims that different people have different moral beliefs, but it
takes no stand on whether those beliefs are valid or not. (2) Normative ethical relativism
claims that each culture’s (or group’s) beliefs are right within that culture,
and that it is impossible to validly judge another culture’s values from the
outside. |
相對主義：一個信念，認為沒有道德的絕對。倫理學中有兩種主要的相對主義。（1）描述性倫理相對主義主張不同的人有不同的道德信仰，但它沒有說明這些信念是否是有效還是無效。（2）規範性倫理相對主義主張每一種文化（或群體）的信念在自己的文化之內都是正確的，所以從外面判斷另一種文化的價值觀是無效的。 |
|
Remedial view of justice: The view that the purpose of justice is to
reform criminals, not to punish them. |
刑法上之糾正論：認為司法的目的是為了改造罪犯，而不是懲罰他們。 |
|
Required:
Behaviour that an agent MUST do. In moral theories, people are morally
required to meet their role-related responsibilities, to avoid causing
unjustifiable harm to others, and to avoid acting in ways that are likely to
cause people to suffer unjustifiable harm. |
必須：有關的人必須做的行為。在道德理論中，人們在道德上必須完成與他們的角色相關的責任，必須避免不合理地損害他人，也避免有可能導致他人遭受不合理損害的行動。 |
|
Respect for
persons: The duty to honor others, their rights, and their responsibilities. |
對人尊重：人的義務，要尊重別人，尊重他們的權利和責任。 |
|
Retribution:
Something given or demanded in return for and in proportion to a wrong done. |
報應：一些給予或要求的東西，照比例換取一個錯誤行動的後果。 |
|
Retributive
justice: The lawful and fair punishment of criminals by society. |
報應性公義：社會合法和公正地處罰罪犯。 |
|
Reverse
discrimination: Disadvantage which white males experience when those who hire
workers pass them over in favour of a member of some disadvantaged group. |
反向歧視：白人被惡劣地對待的經驗，就是當僱用工人時，弱勢群體的成員越過白人而獲得工作。 |
|
Rhythm method: A means of preventing conception by refraining from
sexual intercourse during the period of a woman’s fertility in the menstrual
cycle. |
週期性方法：一個避孕方法，在月經週期中，當女人有生育能力的期間避免性交。 |
|
Rights:
Entitlements to do something without interference from other people (freedom,
negative rights); or entitlements that
obligate others to do something positive to assist you (positive rights).
Some rights (natural rights, human rights) belong to everyone simply by
virtue of being human; some rights (legal rights) belong to people by virtue
of their membership in a particular political state; other rights (moral
rights) are based in acceptance of a particular moral theory. |
人權：做一些事情的權利，但不會被其他人干擾（自由，消極的權利）；或是強制其他人做一些積極的事幫助你（積極的權利）。有些權利（自然權利，人權）屬於每個人，只因他是人就獲得；有些權利（法律權利）屬於某一特定國家的人民；有些權利（道德權利）基於接受一個特定的道德理論。 |
|
Rule utilitarianism: The view that ethical rules should be chosen in
view of the anticipated results flowing from keeping those rules [contrast with act utilitarianism]. |
規則功利主義：一個倫理學理論，相信選擇道德規則應以其結果而定。〔比對行動功利主義〕 |
|
Rule-orientation:
View of ethics that classes similar acts into groups and develops general
norms to cover all instances in the category [contrast with act-orientation]. |
規則取向：倫理學取向，強調相似的行動可以歸為一類，然後發展一般性規範去處理同類行動。〔比對行動取向〕 |
|
Rules: Concrete
and specific directives for conduct that derive from principles; people are
blameworthy if they violate a moral rule. |
規則、法則：對行為具體的和特定的指令，是基於原則的；如果人們違反了道德規則就該受責備。 |
|
Sadism: Inflicting pain on others for the pleasure of it. |
虐待狂：以使他人痛苦為樂趣。 |
|
Sanctity of human life: The belief that human life is sacred, of great
value, and should be protected and preserved. |
生命神聖論：一個信念，認為人的生命是神聖的，具有極大的價值，應該加以保護和保存。 |
|
Satisficing:
A term utilitarians borrowed from economics to indicate how much utility we
should try to create. Whereas maximizing utilitarians claim that we should
strive to maximize utility, satisficing utilitarians claim that we need only
try to produce enough utility to satisfy everyone. |
達致滿足：功利主義者借用一個經濟學的術語來表示我們應該努力去創造多少效用。最大限度功利主義者主張我們要努力去生產最大的效用，達致滿足功利主義者主張我們只需要努力生產足夠的效用去滿足每個人。 |
|
Screening: Medical
testing of a large number of individuals designed to identify those with a
particular genetic trait or biological condition. |
審查：對大量人作醫學測試，目的是找出擁有特定的遺傳特徵或生理狀態者。 |
|
Secular humanism: The belief that there is no God or God-given moral
law; decisions are made situationally, in view of humanistic values, such as
freedom and toleration. |
世俗人本主義：相信沒有神，也沒有神所賦予的道德律；抉擇基於處境而參考人文價值，例如自由和寬容。 |
|
Selectivism: The view that only some wars are just; unjust ones should
be resisted, even those instituted by one’s own government. |
選擇主義：一個觀點，認為只有一些戰爭是正義的；應抵抗不正義的戰爭，即使由自己的政府所發起。 |
|
Self-deception:
Hiding, even to oneself, some truth about oneself (often one’s behaviour). It
may take the form of making up some rationalization for a behaviour that is
inconsistent with one’s sense of self, or it may take the form of failing to
take notice of some of the features of the situation (this phenomenon is one
that psychologists call “denial”). |
自欺：隱瞞對自己的一些真理（通常是一個人的行為），甚至對自己隱瞞。它可能採取的形式是：為一些不符合自我意識的行為作解釋，也可能對某些情況採取漠視態度（這種現象被心理學家稱之為「否定」）。 |
|
Sex: Either the
reality of being male or female (gender), or the erotic attraction, or genital activity
between persons. |
性：人類的性別，有女性和男性；或指色情的吸引；或指人與人之間性活動。 |
|
Sexism:
Gender-based prejudice. |
性偏見：基於性別的偏見。 |
|
Sexual
harassment: Unwelcome sexual advances, whether verbal, non-verbal, or
physical, that (a) create a hostile work or learning environment, or (b)
force submission to the abuse in employment process or performance
evaluation, or (c) cause stress, anxiety, or embarrassment for the person
harassed. |
性騷擾：不受歡迎的性挑逗，無論是言語的、非言語的、或身體的，這些（a）創造一個不友善的工作或學習環境，或（b）強迫接受就業過程中或工作成績評估中的酷待，或（c）為受騷擾的人製造緊張、焦慮或尷尬。 |
|
Sexuality:
Quality of being male or female, or the awareness of and responsiveness to
this aspect of human existence. |
性特質：男性或女性的特質，也可能包括對這特質的認識和反應。 |
|
Simplicity
gospel: View that Christians ought to live plain, simple lives in order to
challenge the materialistic philosophy of secular society and to free up
resources for Christian work. |
簡樸福音：一個觀點，認為基督徒應該生活於簡單樸素的環境，才能挑戰世俗社會的唯物主義哲學，也能積聚資源支持基督教工作。 |
|
Situationism:
Act-oriented view of ethics; the view that there is only one absolute moral
norm—love, and no other absolute ethical laws; all decisions are based on
changing situations; stressing
personal responsibility of applying love for concrete moral decisions; sometimes
mixed up with contextualism although the two are different. |
處境主義：以行為導向的倫理觀；認為只有一個絕對的道德準則，就是愛，沒有其他絕對道德律；所有決定都基於不同的處境；強調個人責任，應用愛去作道德抉擇；有時與場合主義混淆，但兩者實際上不同。 |
|
Skepticism:
(1) In ancient Greece, the skeptics were inquirers who were dedicated to the
investigation of concrete experience and wary of theories that might cloud or
confuse that experience. (2) In modern times, skeptics have been wary of the
trustworthiness of sense experience. Thus classical skepticism was skeptical
primarily about theories, while modern skepticism is skeptical primarily
about experience. |
懷疑：（1）在古希臘，懷疑者是尋究者，他們委身於研究具體經驗，他們對混淆具體經驗的理論持謹慎態度。（2）在近代，懷疑者對觀感經驗的可信性持謹慎態度。因此，傳統的懷疑主義對理論持懷疑態度，現代的懷疑主義對經驗持懷疑態度。 |
|
Socialism: A
social system in which the public owns the means of production and the
government actively redistributes income with the aim that all citizens
receive an equitable share of goods and services. |
社會主義：一個社會制度，市民擁有生產來源，政府積極地從新分配收入，目的是所有市民公平分配物質和服務。 |
|
Sodomy: Another term for homosexuality, taken from the ancient city of
Sodom, which was destroyed by God for sexual perversion (Gen. 19); in the strictest sense, sexual union by anal
penetration, whether homosexual or heterosexual. |
雞姦：同性戀的另一個術語，從古城所多瑪而來，它因性變態而被神毀滅（創19章）；嚴格來說，這名詞指肛門交合，無論是同性戀或異性戀。 |
|
Sperm bank: Storage of human sperm with a view to later impregnation
of human ova to produce a human embryo. |
精子銀行：貯存人類精子的地方，目的是用來使人類卵子受精而成為胚胎。 |
|
Spontaneous abortion: Commonly
called a
miscarriage; a natural or
nonartificially induced discharge of a human embryo that cannot survive
outside the womb [contrast with induced abortion]. |
自然墮胎：通常稱為流產；是一個自然非人為誘導的胚胎排出，而胚胎無法在子宮外存活。［對比人為墮胎］ |
|
Standard of
care: The degree of care that a reasonably prudent person would exercise. In
negligence law, if a person’s conduct falls below such standards, he may be
liable for injuries or damages resulting from his conduct. In professional
malpractice cases, a standard of care is applied to measure the competence as
well of the degree of care shown by the professional’s actions. |
當心之標準：一個合理謹慎的人對事物所應當心的程度。在處理疏忽的法律中，如果一個人的行為低於這個標準，他可能要對他的行為所做成的傷害或損害負責。在專業失職的法律中，可以應用一個當心之標準來衡量專業人員的勝任性和護理是否合標準。 |
|
Stem cell research: Medical research on human stem cells for the
purpose of finding cures for diseases. Embryo stem cell research is opposed
by pro-lifers because it involves the destruction of human embryos. Adult
stem cell research is considered acceptable by pro-lifers because it is taken
from living cells of adults or umbilical cords. |
幹細胞研究：以人類幹細胞作醫學研究，目的是尋找醫治疾病的方法。胚胎幹細胞研究是維護生命者所反對的，因為它涉及毀滅人類胚胎。成人幹細胞研究是維護生命者接受的，因為可以從成人活細胞或臍帶中獲得幹細胞。 |
|
Stereotype:
Negative, composite image of persons in a certain class; a fixed, communally
recognized impression of a group of people. |
定型：對一群人或一類人負面的綜合形像；或指一個固定的、大眾公認的印象。 |
|
Stewardship view
of ecology: Christian theory of environmentalism focusing on the
responsibility toward God for protecting the environment. |
生態學上之管家觀：一種基督教環境主義理論，注重對神的責任，就是保護環境。 |
|
Straight:
Heterosexual. |
端正的：異性戀者。 |
|
Subjective:
Having a reality or truth-value only in regard to criteria of the speaker. My believing that something is wrong
does not necessarily entail that something is REALLY and objectively wrong; I
might merely think that way. |
主觀：所擁有的真實或真價值是單單基於發言者的標準。我相信有些事情是錯誤的並不一定表示事情是真實的和客觀地錯誤，我只不過這樣想而已。 |
|
Subjectivism:
An extreme version of relativism, which maintains that each person’s beliefs
are relative to that person alone and cannot be judged from the outside by
any other person. |
主觀主義：一個極端相對主義，認為每個人的信仰是單單相對於那個人，沒有任何其他人可以判斷他。 |
|
Substituted judgment: A decision regarding treatment or medical
procedures made for another person unable to make it [contrast with best-interest judgment]. |
代替判斷：由病人以外一個代替者對治療或醫療程序作決定，因為病人沒有能力作決定。［對比最佳利益判斷］ |
|
Supererogatory:
Literally, “above the call of duty.” A supererogatory act is one that is
morally good and that goes beyond what is required by duty. |
職責以外的、額外的：額外的行動就是一個在道德上是好的行動，超越義務的規定。 |
|
Surrogacy: Most
often the process in which a couple chooses another woman (the surrogate) to
be artificially inseminated with the man’s sperm. Also refers to the process
in which the parent couple’s sperm and ovum are combined in vitro, and the
embryo placed in the womb of the surrogate. The surrogate gives up the baby
at birth. |
代產：最常見的是一對夫婦選擇另一個女人（代產母），用該男子的精子人工受精。代產也可指夫婦的精子和卵子在體外合併，然後將胚胎放置在代產母的子宮內。嬰兒出生後，代產母將放棄嬰兒。 |
|
Sustainable
growth: Economic development that meets the needs of various groups while
conserving the resources and carrying capacity of the environment. |
可持續的發展：滿足不同群體需求的經濟發展，同時保護資源和環境的承載力。 |
|
Teleological ethics: (1) The moral view that ethical decisions should be made in view
of the end (telos) or results [contrast with deontological ethics]. (2) Any views that warrants ethical norms by
looking to the nonmoral values the norms bring; a pragmatic ethic. |
目的論倫理學：（1）一種道德觀點，認為道德抉擇應以結果（最終目的）來決定。［對比義務論倫理學］（2）任何觀點，認為倫理規範可以根據所帶來的非道德價值而成立；等同實用主義倫理。 |
|
Teleology: Moral
theory that justifies questionable actions by appeal to an ultimate outcome; the ultimate outcome could be anticipated as good
consequences or for some of self-actualization. |
目的論：一個道德立場，主張有問題的行動可以因最終的後果成為合理。最終後果包括可預見的良好後果或自我實現。 |
|
Test-tube babies: Babies conceived outside the womb by in vitro
fertilization. |
試管嬰兒：在子宮外成孕的嬰兒，藉試管受孕技術。 |
|
Theocracy: Literally, “the rule of God,” government directly by God
without human authorities. |
神權政治：字面的意思是「神的統治」，政府由神直接管治而沒有人類的政府。 |
|
Theological
virtues: Faith, hope, love. See also cardinal virtues, virtue, virtues. |
神學德行：信、望、愛。參考：傳統基本德行、德行、眾德行。 |
|
Theonomy
(reconstructionism): Literally, “God’s law,” a belief that civil government is obligated
to abide by God’s law as revealed in the Old Testament; defends free market economics as a biblical
means to that end. |
神律主義（重建主義）：一個信仰，認為公民政府有責任遵守神在舊約的法律，捍衛自由市場經濟就是實現這一目標的聖經方法。 |
|
Theory: The
foundations of the reasoning that supports a moral system. Moral theory is
comparable to grammar, which is a system that you use intuitively to create
language expressions, a system that tells you how language works when you do
language analysis, and how language ought to
work. |
理論、學說：經過推理的道德體系的基礎。道德理論可以和語言文法比較；它是一個系統，是你用語言直觀地創建的表達方法，語言分析告訴你語言如何能起作用和應該如何起作用。 |
|
Therapeutic
abortion: An abortion performed to save the mother’s life. |
醫療性墮胎：用來挽救母親生命的墮胎。 |
|
Therapeutic
illusion: A condition under which research subjects falsely believe that
taking part in a particular study will likely result in some direct
therapeutic benefit for themselves. |
醫療性幻覺：一個情形，當研究對象參加特定的研究，可能錯誤地相信，該研究會直接導致對自己有益的治療效果。 |
|
Trade
Secret: A device, method or formula that gives one an advantage over the
competition and which must therefore be kept secret if it is to be of special
value. It is legal to use reverse engineering to learn a competitor’s trade
secret. |
商業秘密：一個器材、方法或公式，能使一個人在競爭中獲優勢的，因此，若它要保持其特殊價值就必須保密。但是，使用反向工程去獲得競爭對手的商業秘密是合法的。 |
|
Trademark:
An officially registered and legally restricted name, symbol or
representation, the use of which is restricted to its owner. |
註冊商標：正式登記和被法律限制的名稱、標誌或代表，只限制它的主人所使用。 |
|
Transcendental
argument: A type of argument (from Kant) which seeks to establish the
necessary conditions of the possibility of something’s being the case. For
example, we have to believe that we are free when we perform an action; thus
belief in freedom is a necessary condition of the possibility of action. |
超驗性論據：一個論証（從康德），目的是建立一些事物的可能性的必要條件。例如，當我們作一個行動時，我們需要相信我們是自由的；因此，對自由的信仰就是行動的可能性的必要條件。 |
|
Tyranny: The rule of a tyrant or dictator who disregards the rights of
human beings. |
暴政：一個暴君或獨裁者的統治，他漠視人類的權利。 |
|
Universal: An
ethical norm that applies to all persons; sometimes called an absolute. |
普遍、通用：一個適用於所有人的道德規範，有時被稱為一個絕對。 |
|
Unqualified absolutism: The ethical view that there are many moral absolutes that never
actually conflict; all alleged conflicts are only apparent, not real. |
無條件絕對主義：一個倫理觀點，認為有許多道德的絕對，而它們不會衝突；所有被當為衝突的全是表面的，並非真實的。 |
|
Utilitarian calculus: The formula of anticipated pleasure over pain
used by utilitarians to determine which actions are right. |
功利演算法：功利主義者計算預期快樂超過預期痛苦的公式，功用是確定哪些行動是正確的。 |
|
Utilitarianism:
Teleological ethic based on the principle of utility: one ought to act to
maximize the greatest good for the greatest number. Some seek the greatest
overall amount of pleasure (hedonistic utilitarianism); while others seek
happiness (eudaimonistic utilitarianism). Some utilitarians (act
utilitarians) claim that we should weigh the consequences of each individual
action, while others (rule utilitarians) maintain that we should look at the
consequences of adopting particular rules of conduct. |
功利主義：目的論的倫理，基於實用的原則，就是一個人應該以行動為最多的人達到最大的善。有些人尋求最大的享受（享樂功利主義），有些人尋求快樂（歡樂功利主義）。一些功利主義者（行動功利主義者）認為我們應該衡量每個行動帶來的後果，另外一些功利主義者（規則功利主義者）認為我們應該衡量採取具體規則的行動所帶來的後果。 |
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Value: In the
moral sense, a quality (such as loyalty, truthfulness, or justice) that human
beings esteem and toward which they direct their moral behaviour. |
價值：在道德觀念中，是人類所尊敬的品質（如忠心、誠實或正義），人類道德行為的目標。 |
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Values:
Those things that express what people desire or want to avoid. Primary values
are highly likely to be universally shared, for example, people want to avoid
death—unless they are terrorists on a self-sacrifice mission; pain—unless
they are masochists or act under psychological compulsions;
disabilities—unless they want to be dismissed from active duty in the
trenches; deprivations of freedoms or pleasures—unless they have some other
reason or psychological compulsion. But, rankings of values differ among
people. There are also aesthetic and religious values that have no necessary
connection with ethics. |
價值觀：這些觀念是用來表達人們的願望或希望避免的。主要價值極有可能是普遍認同的，例如，人們希望避免死亡（除非他們是恐怖分子，而正在執行自我犧牲的任務）、痛苦（除非他們是受虐狂者，或在心理衝動下）、殘疾（除非想在戰場中被調回）、失去自由或快樂（除非他們有原因或心理衝動）。但是，價值的順序因人而不同。另外也有審美和宗教價值觀，和倫理學沒有必然的聯繫。 |
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Virtue: The moral
stance or constitution of an individual, consisting not merely of a
collection of individual virtues, but the strength of character to coordinate
and exercise the virtues in a way that makes them morally praiseworthy. See
also cardinal virtues, theological virtues, virtues. |
德行、美德：一個人的道德立場或道德質素，包括一列個人的美德，也包括品格的堅強度，透過協調和鍛煉眾美德，使它們在道德上值得讚揚。參考：傳統基本德行、神學德行、眾德行。 |
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Virtue
ethics: The set of moral theories that justify exceptions to rules by appeal
to what one’s moral hero might do. One might ask, for example: What would an
extremely competent journalist who has great integrity do in this situation? There
is also the popular slogan “What would Jesus do? (WWJD)” which takes Jesus as
the moral hero. |
德行倫理學：道德理論，認為人可以跟隨道德英雄所做的而使規則有例外。例如，一個人可以問：一個非常有資格而誠實的記者在這情況會怎樣做？另外有一個常見的口號：「耶穌會怎樣做？」（WWJD）以耶穌為道德英雄。 |
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Virtues: Specific
dispositions, skills, or qualities of excellence that together make up a
person’s character, and that influence his way of life. See also character,
virtue. |
眾德行、眾美德：具體性情、技能或卓越品質，它們一同組成了一個人的性格，影響他的生活方式。參考德行與品格。 |
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Virtues and
vices: Positive and negative traits of moral character, such as honesty,
kindness, or being a courageous or responsible person. Notice that these
terms of moral evaluation are applied to people, rather than to their actions
(like rights, obligations, and moral rules) or to the outcomes they seek to
achieve (like responsibilities). |
德行與缺德行為：道德品格的正面和負面特徵，如誠實、善良、勇敢或負責任。留意這些道德評價的名詞是用來應用於人，而不是他們的行動（如權利，義務和道德規則），也不是他們所尋求要實現的成果（如責任）。 |
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Vitalism: View
that physical life is in itself of highest value. |
生機論：一個觀點，認為有形的生命本身有最高的價值。 |
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Voluntarism: The position that
claims something is right because God wills it; God does not will it because
it is right [contrast with essentialism]. |
意願觀：一個倫理觀點，主張事情的正確性基於神的意志，神的決志並不因為它是正確的。［對比本質觀］ |
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Voluntary euthanasia: The taking of a human life for some alleged good
purpose and with the person’s consent. |
自願性安樂死：宣稱為良好目的而取去一個人的生命，並獲得該人同意。 |
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Voluntary sterilization: Medical procedure to render conception
impossible, performed on either the male or the female organs with the
person’s consent. |
自願性絕育：一個醫療手術，終止生育機能，可以在事前自願的男性或女性執行。 |
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Voluntary/involuntary/nonvoluntary:
Distinctions related to the way the desires of a patient are incorporated in
treatment decisions. Voluntary treatment options follow the patient’s wishes.
Nonvoluntary treatment decisions are made when the patient is incapacitated
and cannot decide. Involuntary treatment decisions go against patient
desires. |
自願性／反自願性／非自願性：區別對治療的決定是否包括病人的願望。自願性治療跟隨病人的願望。反自願性治療是當病人無能力決定。非自願性治療違背病人的願望。 |
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War: Armed
conflict between or among nations or other groups of people. |
戰爭：多國間或群體間的武裝鬥爭。 |
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Wealth: Stored
economic power; money that is already accumulated and can be used as capital
for investment. |
財富：存儲的經濟實力；已經積累的錢，可以用來作為資本投資。 |
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Whistle
blower. A person who takes a concern (such as a concern about safety or financial
fraud) outside of the organization in which the abuse or suspected abuse is
occurring. |
告發者：一個人將要關注的問題（如對安全的關注、財務詐騙）公開發表在正在濫用或懷疑濫用的組織以外。 |
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Zygote: The
product of the union of a sperm and an ovum in its first days of life. |
受精卵：精子和卵子聯結後的產物，單指生命的最初幾天。 |
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SOURCES: The entries of this glossary are collected from various books and
websites. They were subsequently simplified and modified. The main references
include: David
K. Clark & Robert V. Rakestraw, eds. (1994): Readings in Christian
ethics, 2 volumes (Grand Rapids,
MI: Baker). Norman L.
Geisler (2010): Christian ethics:
contemporary issues and options (Grand Rapids, MI: Baker). |