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Six Steps or Material Elements
in the Formation of Ethical Judgments
建立倫理判斷的六步或六個實質元素
陶特著（H.E.
Tödt），孔祥烱譯
Definition of the Problem
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[1]
問題的訂立
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A
clarification of what it is that requires a moral decision is the first task.
Here reflection must center on how the one making the judgment is affected by
the “matter” at issue, how he or she is involved in it, on the sources of the
problem, what needs and interests it touches, and to what extent problems are
at stake that require more than merely “technical” solutions inasmuch as they
challenge his or her own ethical judgment. |
道德抉擇的首要任務是澄清面對的問題。必須思考的是判斷者會怎樣受這「事情」所影響？他與這事情有何關連？這個問題的來源是什麼？它觸及什麼需要和利益？這個問題是否需求多於「技術性」的解決，甚至會對他的道德判斷挑戰？ |
Analysis of the Situation
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[2]
處境的分析
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This
involves an investigation of the “real context” in which the problem arises
(for instance, the social and political framework, the relationships to
personal or group life and action), in order to determine how the definition
and solution of the respective problem is conditioned by this context.
Problems arise for human beings out of their complex world and within it;
“the situation” comes into being through the delimitation within a complex
environment of “my” situation, or “our” situation, on the part of the
individual or several or even many interacting subjects. Even so-called “inward”
problems arise within an inward environment that is in many ways intertwined
with outward environments. The result of this analysis is a situational
schema. |
這一步是調查問題的「實際情況」，（例如，社會和政治架構，與個人或群體的生活和行動的關係），目的是確定這些情況如何限制對這問題的定義和解決方案。倫理問題常常出人類複雜的世界的裏外，這「情況」出現於複雜的環境中，被界定為「我」的情況，或「我們」的情況，涉及個人或幾個人，甚至許多相互影響的很多人。有時，在內部環境出現的「內部」問題，也在許多方面與外面的環境纏繞在一起，這樣分析的結果就成為處境的綱要。 |
Behavioral Options
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[3]
行動的選擇
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The usual
reaction to a problem or problematic situation is always: What is to be done?
As behavioral options and their foreseeable consequences are considered, the
question arises (with the conscience exercising a control function here, by
raising the question of the identity or integrity of the subject or
subjects), whether a behavioral stance would be a “good” or “right” one. Here
norms come into play. |
對問題或有問題的情況通常的反應是：要怎樣做呢？當考慮行動的選擇和可預期的後果時，疑問是（在這裏，良知行使了控制功能，提醒當事人的身份或誠信）行動的立場是否「好」的或「對」的。這裏涉及規範的應用。 |
Testing the Norms
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[4]
規範的考查
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We must
survey and choose among the ethically relevant criteria of decision. The
human life-world (Lebenswelt) is intertwined with a multiplicity of
norms, many of which have assumed a relative life of their own. In the course
of making a judgment, the norms that are utilized are to be understood in
terms of their objective function: a norm is whatever links a situation or
situational schema to an act or mode of behavior by a judgment. Moral are
those norms which intend to let this linkage take place in a morally defensible
manner; that is, which maintain the integrity of the subject. |
我們必須列舉和選擇跟抉擇有關的適當倫理標準。人類所生活的世界中有極多規範交織，其中許多規範有不同的指向。在判斷的過程中，需要理解被使用的規範的客觀作用，就是一個規範需要將面對的情況和處境，連繫於判斷帶來的行動或行為。若規範的連繫在道德上是合理的，就是合道德的，它就維持了當事人的誠信。 |
The Judgment as Decision
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[5]
判斷成為抉擇
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The
judgment is a synthetic act made with a view to the problem presented, on the
basis of the cognition of the facts of the situation, the possible behavioral
options, and the applicable norms. It implies an active self-determination:
“I make up my mind (“Ich
entscheide mich ...”) to do such and such.” |
判斷是一種綜合性行動，考慮要解決的問題，基於對事實的認知，列舉可能行為的選擇，以及適用的規範。它是一種積極性的自決：「我已作了決定這樣、這樣做。」 |
Retrospective Adequacy Control
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[6]
回顧過程之足夠性
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Judgmental
decisions are often made in a tentative and preliminary manner. Ethical
decisions, in particular, are often reconsidered, sometimes again and again.
It might be considered, for instance, whether the decision really meets the
problem as defined, whether it constitutes a “solution,” whether the steps
are strictly linked to one another and to the whole course of the
decision-making process, whether new factors now present themselves which had
not been considered previously, etc. |
判斷性的抉擇往往是暫時性的和初步的。特別是倫理的抉擇往往需要經過重新考慮，有時更要多次考慮。例如，需要考慮：該抉擇是否真正解決被定義的問題？也就是抉擇是否構成一個「解決方案」？作決定的步驟是否嚴格地彼此相連，也相連於整個抉擇過程？有沒有出現以前沒有考慮過的新的因素？等等。 |
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SOURCE:
H.E. Tödt, tr. Walter Bense (1994), “Towards a theory of making ethical
judgments,” in Readings in Christian
ethics, ed. David K. Clark and Robert V. Rakestraw (Grand Rapids, MI:
Baker), volume 1, 292-293. 文章題目：邁向倫理判斷的理論 |
Retrospective
Adequacy Control